AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Answer Key
The word Bushfood refers to any Australian native food, although it sometimes is used with the specific connotation of "food found in the Outback while living on the land". It is also called bushtucker. It includes both animal and plant foods native to Australia.
Examples of Australian native animal foods (meat) include kangaroo, emu and crocodile. These meats are not uncommon in Australian restaurants. Other animals, for example the Goanna and the witchetty grub, were eaten by Aboriginal Australians and thus qualify as bushfood in every sense of the word. Fish and shellfish are culinary features of the Australian coastal communities.
Examples of Australian native plant foods include the fruits: quandong (Santalum acuminatum), Australian desert raisin (Solanum centrale), muntries (Kunzea pomifera), riberry (Syzygium luehmannii), and, Davidson's plum (Davidsonia spp.), finger lime (Citrus australasica). Native spices include lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), mountain pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata), and, aniseed myrtle (Anetholea anista). A popular leafy vegetable is warrigal greens (Tetragonia tetragonioides).
Nuts include bunya nut (Araucaria bidwillii), and the most identifiable bushfood plant harvested and sold in large scale commercial quantities is the macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia).
Traditional Aboriginal use
Australian Aborigines have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent.
Various traditional methods of processing and cooking are used. Toxic seeds, such as Cycad (Cycas media) and Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum australe) are processed to remove the toxins and render them safe to eat. Many foods are also baked in the hot campfire coals, or baked for several hours in ground ovens. ‘Paperbark’, the bark of Melalauca species, is widely used for wrapping food placed in ground ovens.
Aboriginal traditional native food use was severely impacted by the invasion of non-indigenous people, via displacement from traditional lands, destruction of native habitat, and the introduction of non-native foods.
The recent recognition of the nutritional value of native foods by non-indigenous Australian’s is assisting in a renewal of native cuisine. However, there are intellectual property issues associated with the commercialization of bushfood.
Colonial use
Bushfoods provided a source of nutrition to the non-indigenous colonial invaders, often supplementing meager rations. However, bushfoods were often considered to be inferior by colonists unfamiliar with the new land's food ingredients, generally preferring familiar foods from the homeland.
The only Australian native food dveloped and cropped on a large scale is the macadamia nut, with the first small-scale commercial plantation being planted in Australia in the 1880s. Subsequently, Hawaii was where the macadamia was commercially developed to its greatest extent from stock imported from Australia.
Modern use
In the 1970s non-indigenous Australian’s began to recognize the previously over-looked indigenous aspects of Australia, including native foods. Textbooks like Wildfoods In Australia by the botanist couple Cribb & Cribb were popular, and later the author Tim Lowe published Wild Food Plants of Australia.
TV shows also made use of the bushfood theme. Malcolm Douglas was one of the first presenters to show how to 'live off the land' in the Australian Outback. But it was probably Major Les Hiddins who popularized the idea of bush tucker. A retired Australian Army soldier, he presented a hit TV series called Bush Tucker Man on the Australian Broadcasting Commission TV network in the late 1980s. In the series, Hiddins demonstrated his training and research in combat survival by locating native foodstuffs in the northern Australian Outback.
Bushfood enthusiasts in regional Australia began to assess the culinary and cropping qualities of bushfoods in the early 1980s. This regional research laid the foundations for the development of the modern bushfood industry.
By the mid-1980s metropolitan bushfood restaurants were using native Australian ingredients in recipes more familiar to modern tastes. This provided the first opportunity for bushfoods to be tried by non-indigenous Australian’s on a serious gourmet level. This soon lead to the realization that many strong flavored bushfoods have spice-like qualities. Some of these bushfood ingredients now feature in modern Australian cuisine.
Value-added bushfood products were also developed for the domestic and export market. The raw ingredients are sourced from wild and cultivated sources, with an emphasis on the later to provide sustainable quantities.
In the last decade, industry groups such as the Southern Bushfood Association, the Queensland Bushfood Association, the Northern Bushfood Association, and many others have been pushing for the introduction of bushfood as genuine cuisine in Australian and international restaurants.
The term "Bushfood" is recognized as the current term for Australian native cuisine, evolving from the older-style "bushtucker" which was used in the 1970s and 1980s. The word "bushfood" was chosen to reflect the sustainable nature of the industry's products, and to help exporters with product branding. It is the term most often used by Australian Government and CSIRO sources and authors.
Bushfood plants listed by culinary province.
Australian bushfood plants can be divided into several distinct and large regional culinary provinces. Please note, some species listed grow across several climatic boundaries.
Top-end
Monsoonal zone of the Northern Territory, Cape York and Western Australia.
Fruit:
Buchanania arborescens Little Gooseberry Tree
Ficus racemosa Cluster Fig
Morinda citrifolia Noni
Terminalia latipes var. psilocarpa Kakadu Plum
Syzygium suborbiculare Lady Apple.
Spice:
Eucalyptus staigeriana Lemon Ironbark
Vegetable:
Dioscorea transversa Pencil Yam
Central Australia Arid and semi-arid zones of the low rainfall interior.
Fruit:
Capparis spp. Native Caper
Eremicitrus glauca Desert Lime
Ficus platypoda Desert Fig
Owenia acidula Emu Apple
Enchylaena tormentosa Ruby Saltbush
Santalum acuminatum Quandong
Santalum lanceolatum Sandalwood
Solanum centrale Akudjura
Marsdenia australis Doubah
Seed:
Acacia aneura Mulga
Acacia coriacea Dogwood
Acacia holosericea Strap Wattle
Acacia kempeana Witchetty Bush
Acacia victoriae Gundabluey
Brachychiton populneus Kurrajong
Vegetable:
Calandrinia balonensis Parakeelya
Lepidium spp. Peppercresses
Portulaca intraterranea Large Pigweed.
Eastern Australia Subtropical rainforests of New South Wales to the wet tropics of Northern Queensland.
Fruit:
Acronychia acidula Lemon Aspen
Citrus australasica Finger Lime
Citrus australis Dooja
Davidsonia spp. Davidson’s Plum
Ficus coronata Sandpaper Fig
Pleiogynium timorense Burdekin Plum
Podocarpus elatus Illawarra Plum
Syzygium luehmannii Riberry
Spice:
Anetholea anisata Aniseed Myrtle
Backhousia citriodora Lemon Myrtle
Backhousia myrtifolia Cinnamon Myrtle
Prostanthera incisa Cut-leaf Mintbush
Nut:
Araucaria bidwillii Bunya Nut
Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia Nut
Macadamia tetraphylla Bush Nut
Vegetable:
Apium prostratum Sea Celery
Tetragonia tetragonioides Warrigal Greens
Trachymene incisa Wild Parsnip.
Temperate Warm and cool temperate zones of Tasmania, South Australia, and the highlands of New South Wales.
Fruit:
Billarderia cymosa Sweet Apple-berry
Billarderia longiflora Purple Apple-berry
Billarderia scandens Common Apple-berry
Carpobrotus rossii Karkalla
Kunzea pomifera Muntries
Rubus parvifolius Pink-flowered Native Raspberry
Seed:
Acacia longifolia Golden Rods
Acacia sophorae Coast Wattle
Spice:
Eucalyptus olida Strawberry Gum
Tasmannia lanceolata Mountain pepper
Tasmannia stipitata Dorrigo Pepper
Vegetable:
Apium insulare Flinders Island Celery
Atriplex cinerea Grey Saltbush
Burchardia umbellata Milkmaids
Microseris scapigera Murnong.
See also
- Bushmeat, something quite different
