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| − | {{otheruses}}
| + | <noinclude><translate><!--T:1--> |
| − | {{redirect5|Amarant|the [[Final Fantasy IX]] character|Amarant Coral}}
| + | </noinclude> |
| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | | color = lightgreen
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| − | | name = ''Amaranthus''
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| − | | image = Amaranthus tricolor0.jpg
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| − | | image_width = 250px
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| − | | image_caption = ''Amaranthus caudatus'' (Love-lies-bleeding)
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| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| − | | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| − | | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| − | | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
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| − | | familia = [[Amaranthaceae]]
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| − | | subfamilia = [[Amaranthoideae]]
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| − | | genus = '''''Amaranthus'''''
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| − | | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| − | | subdivision_ranks = Species
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| − | | subdivision =
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| − | See text.
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| − | }}
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| | | | |
| − | The '''amaranths''' (also called '''pigweeds''') comprise the [[genus]] '''''Amaranthus''''', a widely distributed genus of short-lived [[herb]]s, occurring mostly in temperate and tropical regions. Although there remains some confusion over the detailed taxonomy, there are about 60 ''Amaranthus'' species. Several of them are cultivated as [[leaf vegetable]]s, [[cereal]]s, or [[ornamental plant]]s.
| + | <!--T:6--> |
| | + | {{ |
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| − | Members of this genus share many characteristics and uses with members of the closely related genus ''[[Celosia]]''.
| + | <!--T:7--> |
| | + | EWP |
| | + | | name = Amaranth |
| | + | | image = Amaranthus tricolor0.jpg |
| | + | | description = Amaranth, is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants. Catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in summer or autumn. Approximately 60 species are recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple and red to green or gold. |
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| − | ==Cultivation and uses== | + | <!--T:2--> |
| − | {{unreferenced|information about dye usage and Red No. 2}}
| + | Although several species are often considered weeds, people around the world value amaranths as leaf vegetables and cereals. |
| − | Several species are raised for '''[[amaranth grain]]''' in [[Asia]] and the [[Americas]]. Amaranth grain is a crop of moderate importance in the [[Himalaya]]. It was one of the staple foodstuffs of the [[Inca]]s, and it is known as '''kiwicha''' in the [[Andes]] today. It was also used by the ancient [[Aztec]]s, who called it '''huautli''', and other Amerindian peoples in [[Mexico]] to prepare ritual drinks and foods. To this day, amaranth grains are toasted much like [[popcorn]] and mixed with [[honey]] or [[molasses]] to make a treat called ''alegría'' (literally "joy" in [[Mexican Spanish]]).
| + | | range = Worldwide in temperate and tropical zones |
| | + | | seasons = Summer, Fall |
| | + | | use = Amaranth species are cultivated and consumed as a leaf vegetable in many parts of the world. The seeds can be collected and used as a grain (or ground into flour). |
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| − | Amaranth was used in several Aztec ceremonies, where images of their gods (notably [[Huitzilopochtli]]) were made with amaranth mixed with honey. The images were cut to be eaten by the people. This looked like the [[Christian]] [[eucharist|communion]] to the [[Catholic]] priests, so the cultivation of the grain was forbidden for centuries.
| + | <!--T:3--> |
| | + | To maximize seed harvest, shake the near-mature seed heads into a paper bag or onto a canvas. If the growing area is large, it is faster to cut the heads all at once when most of the seeds are ripe. The fully ripened heads tend to drop their seeds. |
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| − | Because of its importance as a symbol of indigenous culture, and because it is very palatable, easy to cook, and its protein particularly well suited to human [[nutrition]]al needs, interest in [[Amaranth grain|grain amaranth]] (especially ''A. cruentis'' and ''A. hypochondriaca'') was revived in the [[1970s]]. It was recovered in Mexico from wild varieties and is now commercially cultivated. It is a popular snack sold in [[Mexico City]] and other parts of Mexico, sometimes mixed with [[chocolate]] or [[puffed grain|puffed rice]], and its use has spread to [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. Besides [[protein]], [[amaranth grain]] provides a good source of [[dietary fiber]] and [[dietary mineral]]s such as [[iron]], [[magnesium]], [[phosphorus]], [[copper]], and especially [[manganese]].
| + | <!--T:4--> |
| | + | Dry for a week and thresh the heads with gloved hands or feet on canvas as the chaff is somewhat prickly. The seeds may be lost when winnowing because the chaff and seeds are of similar size and the seeds are of a light weight. If you heap uncleaned seeds in a bowl and toss them, the light debris will concentrate on the top and can be blown away. Repeat this until only seeds remain. |
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| − | The flowers of the Hopi Red Dye amaranth were used by the Hopi Indians as the source of a deep red dye. This dye has been supplanted by a coal tar dye known as [[Red No. 2]] in North America and E123 in the [[European Economic Community|E.E.C.]], also known as amarynth.
| + | <!--T:5--> |
| − | | + | }} |
| − | The genus also contains several well-known ornamental plants, such as ''A. caudatus'' (love-lies-bleeding), a native of [[India]] and a vigorous, hardy annual with dark purplish [[flower]]s crowded in handsome drooping spikes. Another Indian annual, ''A. hypochondriacus'' (prince's feather), has deeply-veined lance-shaped leaves, purple on the under face, and deep crimson flowers densely packed on erect spikes.
| + | <noinclude></translate></noinclude> |
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| − | Amaranths are recorded as food plants for some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Nutmeg (moth)|The Nutmeg]] and various case-bearers of the genus ''[[Coleophora]]'': ''C. amaranthella'', ''C. enchorda'' (feeds exclusively on ''Amaranthus''), ''C. immortalis'' (feeds exclusively on ''Amaranthus''), ''C. lineapulvella'' and ''C. versurella'' (recorded on ''A. spinosus'').
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| − | ===Use as a leaf vegetable===
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| − | In Indonesia, Malaysia and China, species of amaranth are cultivated and consumed as a leaf vegetable, and are called by the name ''bayam''.[http://agrolink.moa.my/doa/bdc/vege/spi_tek_bm.html]<!-- this is in Malaysian, but picture and botanical name are clear enough. Need English reference. -- note by Singkong2005 -->{{fact}} It is commonly but incorrectly translated to and from English as [[spinach]] (including in [[Popeye]] cartoons).{{citation needed}}
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| − | | |
| − | The leaves are also used in a Caribbean soup called [[Callaloo]].
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| − | | |
| − | == Amaranth as weed ==
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| − | Not all amaranth plants are cultivated. Some appear as [[weed]]s. A new strain of the Palmer amaranth has appeared which is [[glyphosate]]-resistant and as a result cannot be killed by the widely used [[Roundup]] herbicide. This could be of particular concern to [[cotton]] farmers using [[Roundup Ready]] cotton.[http://www.organicconsumers.org/ge/cotton060404.cfm]
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| − | | |
| − | == Nutritional value ==
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| − | | |
| − | '''Amaranth greens''', also called '''Chinese spinach''', '''hinn choy''' or '''yin tsoi''' ({{zh-sp|s=苋菜|p=xiàncài}}), '''callaloo''', '''tampala''', or '''quelite''', are a common leaf vegetable throughout the tropics and in many warm temperate regions. They are a very good source of [[vitamin]]s including [[vitamin A]], [[vitamin B6]], [[vitamin C]], [[riboflavin]], and [[folate]], and dietary minerals including [[calcium]], [[iron]], [[magnesium]], [[phosphorus]], [[potassium]], [[zinc]], [[copper]], and [[manganese]]. However their moderately high content of [[oxalic acid]] inhibits the absorption of calcium, and also means that they should be avoided or eaten in moderation by people with [[kidney]] disorders, [[gout]], or [[rheumatoid arthritis]].{{fact}} Reheating cooked amaranth greens is often discouraged, particularly for consumption by small children, as the [[nitrate]]s in the leaves can be converted to [[nitrite]]s, similarly to [[spinach]].{{fact}}
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| − | Amaranth seeds, like [[buckwheat]] and [[quinoa]], contain protein that is unusually complete for plant sources [http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html]. Most plants do not contain a complete set of amino acids, and thus are inadequate for human survival, which is why vegetarians must make special efforts to combine the right plants and get a full protein. This is the reason for the traditional "beans and rice" combination, which creates a more nutritionally complete meal.
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| − | | |
| − | == Myth, legend and poetry ==
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| − | '''Amaranth''', or Amarant (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''amarantos'', unwithering), a name chiefly used in poetry, and applied to Amaranth and other plants which, from not soon fading, typified immortality. Thus, in [[John Milton|Milton's]] [[Paradise Lost]], iii. 353:
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| − | <blockquote>
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| − | :"Immortal amarant, a flower which once
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| − | :In paradise, fast by the tree of life,
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| − | :Began to bloom; but soon for man's offence
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| − | :To heaven removed, where first it grew, there grows,
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| − | :And flowers aloft, shading the fount of life,
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| − | :And where the river of bliss through midst of heaven
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| − | :Rolls o'er elysian flowers her amber stream:
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| − | :With these that never fade the spirits elect
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| − | :Bind their resplendent locks."
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | | |
| − | [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], in [[Work without Hope]] (1825), also references the herb, likely referencing Milton's earlier work. (ll 7-10 excerpted):
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| − | | |
| − | <blockquote>
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| − | :Yet well I ken the banks where Amaranths blow,
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| − | :Have traced the fount whence streams of nectar flow.
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| − | :Bloom, O ye Amaranths! bloom for whom ye may,
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| − | :For me ye bloom not! Glide, rich streams, away!
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | | |
| − | The progressive metal band, Opeth, refers to Amaranth in the extent of immortallity in the song Blackrose Immortal:
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| − | <blockquote>
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| − | :"Lullaby of the crescent moon took you
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| − | :Mesmerized, its kaleidoscopic face
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| − | :Granted you a hollow stare
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| − | :Another soul within the divine herd
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| − | :I have kept it
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| − | :The amaranth symbol
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| − | :Hiddin inside the golden shrine
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| − | :Until we rejoice in the meadow
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| − | :Of the end
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| − | :When we both walk the shadows
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| − | :It will set ablaze and vanish
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| − | :Black rose immortal"
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | AFI Lyrics
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| − | "The Great Disappointment"
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| − | | |
| − | <blockquote>
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| − | :I can remember a place I used to go
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| − | :Chrysanthemums of white, they seemed so beautiful
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| − | :I can remember, I searched for the amaranth
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| − | :I'd shut my eyes... to see
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| − | </blockquote><blockquote>
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| − | :Oh, how I smiled then, so near the cherished ones
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| − | :I knew they would appear... saw not a single one
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| − | :Oh, how I smiled then, waiting so patiently
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| − | :I'd make a wish... and bleed
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| − | </blockquote><blockquote>
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| − | :While I waited I was wasting away
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| − | :While I waited I was wasting away
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| − | </blockquote><blockquote>
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| − | :I can remember... dreamt them so vividly
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| − | :Soft creatures draped in white, light kisses gracing me
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| − | :I can remember when I first realized
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| − | :Dreams were the only place to see them
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| − | </blockquote><blockquote>
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| − | :While I waited I was wasting away
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| − | :While I waited I was wasting away
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| − | :While I waited I was wasting away
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| − | :Hope was wasting away
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| − | :Faith was wasting away
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| − | :I was wasting away
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| − | </blockquote><blockquote>
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| − | :I never, never wanted this
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| − | :I always wanted to believe
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| − | :I never, never wanted this
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| − | :How could I have become?
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| − | :I never, never wanted this
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| − | :But from the start I'd been deceived
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| − | :I never, never wanted this
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| − | :How could I have become?
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| − | </blockquote><blockquote>
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| − | :I never, never wanted this
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| − | :I always wanted to believe
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| − | :I never, never wanted this
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| − | :I never, never wanted this
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| − | :But from the start I'd been deceived
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| − | :I never, never wanted this
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| − | </blockquote><blockquote>
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| − | :Inside a crumbling effigy
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| − | :But you promised
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| − | :So dies all innocence
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| − | :But you promised me
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| − | </blockquote><blockquote>
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| − | :While I waited I was wasting away
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| − | :While I waited I was wasting away
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| − | :While I waited I was wasting away
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| − | :Hope was wasting away
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| − | :Faith was wasting away
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| − | :I was wasting away
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| − | </blockquote> | |
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| − | Aesop's Fables compares the Rose to the Amaranth to illustrate the difference in fleeting and everlasting beauty.
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| − | | |
| − | <blockquote>
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| − | :A Rose and an Amaranth blossomed side by side in a garden,
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| − | :and the Amaranth said to her neighbour,
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| − | :"How I envy you your beauty and your sweet scent!
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| − | :No wonder you are such a universal favourite."
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| − | :But the Rose replied with a shade of sadness in her voice,
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| − | :"Ah, my dear friend, I bloom but for a time:
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| − | :my petals soon wither and fall, and then I die.
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| − | :But your flowers never fade, even if they are cut;
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| − | :for they are everlasting."
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| − | </blockquote> | |
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| − | The original spelling is ''amarant''; the more common spelling ''amaranth'' seems to have come from a [[folk etymology]] assuming that the final syllable derives from the Greek word ''anthos'' ("flower"), common in botanical names.
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| − | In ancient [[Greece]] the amaranth (also called [[chrysanthemum|chrusanthemon]] and [[helichrysum|elichrusos]]) was sacred to Ephesian [[Artemis]]. It was supposed to have special healing properties, and as a symbol of
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| − | immortality was used to decorate images of the gods and tombs. In legend, [[Amarynthus]] (a form of Amarantus) was a hunter of Artemis and king of [[Euboea]]; in a village of Amarynthus, of which he was the eponymous hero, there was a famous temple of Artemis Amarynthia or Amarysia (Strabo x. 448; Pausan. i. 31, p. 5).
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| − | ''Amaranth'' is also the name of the otherworldly pantheon that amuses itself by toying with individuals' luck in [[Tim Lebbon]]'s novella "The Unfortunate".
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| − | "Amaranth" is also the name of a long [[Sapphic]] poem by the great [[imagiste]] [[H.D.]], and is based on [[Sappho]]'s fragment 131.
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| − | In [[White Wolf, Inc.|White Wolf Game Studio]]'s [[Vampire: The Dark Ages]] [[book]]s and [[role-playing game]]s, ''Amaranth'' is the medieval name of what then was widely known as ''[[Diablerie]]'' (consuming the blood and soul of another vampire).
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| − | ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' is the name of a 2005 album and single by Irish vocal artist [[Enya]].
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| − | "Love-Lies-Bleeding" is the title of a 2005 play by [[Don DeLillo]].
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| − | In [[Garth Nix]]'s novel ''[[Abhorsen]],'' the third chapter is entitled "Amaranth, Rosemary and Tears".
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| − | "Amaranth" is also the title of a music cd by composer Robert Agis.
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| − | "Amaranth", the color of the flower of the amaranth plant shown above, is sometimes used as the [[color]] name of a shade of [[magenta]] that is more reddish than the [[fuschia]] shade of magenta that is called "magenta" in [[color printing]].
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| − | == Selected species ==
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus acanthochiton]]'' (Greenstripe)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus acutilobius]]'' (Sharplobe Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus albus]]'' (White Pigweed, Prostrate Pigweed, Pigweed Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus arenicola]]'' (Sandhill Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus australis]]'' (Southern Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus bigelovii]]'' (Bigelow's Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus blitoides]]'' (Mat Amaranth, Prostrate Amaranth, Prostrate Pigweed)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus blitum]]'' (Purple Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus brownii]]'' (Brown's Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus californicus]]'' (California Amaranth, California Pigweed)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus cannabinus]]'' (Tidal-marsh Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus caudatus]]'' (Loves-lies-bleeding, Pendant Amaranth, Tassel Flower, Quilete)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus chihuahuensis]]'' (Chihuahuan Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus chlorostachys]]''
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus crassipes]]'' (Spreading Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus crispus]]'' (Crispleaf Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus cruentus]]'' (Purple Amaranth, Red Amaranth, Mexican Grain Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus deflexus]]'' (Large-fruit Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus dubius]]'' (Spleen Amaranth, Khada Sag)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus fimbriatus]]'' (Fringed Amaranth, Fringed Pigweed)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus floridanus]]'' (Florida Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus gangeticus L]]'' (Elephant Head Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus greggii]]'' (Gregg's Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus hybridus]]'' (Smooth Amaranth, Smooth Pigweed, Red Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus hypochondriacus]]'' (Prince-of-Wales-feather, Princess Feather)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus leucocarpus]]''
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus lineatus]]'' (Australian Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus lividus]]''
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus mantegazzianus]]'' (Quinoa de Castilla)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus minimus]]''
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus muricatus]]'' (African Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus obcordatus]]'' (Trans-Pecos Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus palmeri]]'' (Palmer's Amaranth, Palmer Pigweed, Carelessweed)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus paniculus]]'' (Reuzen Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus polygonoides]]'' (Tropical Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus powelii]]'' (Green Amaranth, Powell Amaranth, Powell Pigweed)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus pringlei]]'' (Pringle's Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus pumilus]]'' (Seaside Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus quitensis]]'' (Ataco, Sangorache)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus retroflexus]]'' (Red-root Amaranth, Redroot Pigweed, Common Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus rudis]]'' (Tall Amaranth, Common Waterhemp)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus scleropoides]]'' (Bone-bract Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus spinosus]]'' (Spiny Amaranth, Prickly Amaranth, Thorny Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus standleyanus]]''
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus thunbergii]]'' (Thunberg's Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus torreyi]]'' (Torrey's Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus tricolor]]'' (Joseph's-coat)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus tuberculatus]]'' (Rough-fruit Amaranth, Tall Waterhemp)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus viridis]]'' (Slender Amaranth, Green Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus watsonii]]'' (Watson's Amaranth)
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| − | * ''[[Amaranthus wrightii]]'' (Wright's Amaranth)
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| − | | |
| − | ==Images==
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | Image:Amaranthus caudatus1.jpg|Loves-lies-bleeding (Amaranthus caudatus)
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| − | Image:Amaranthus.hybridus1web.jpg|Green Amaranth (''A. hybridus'')
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| − | Image:Seabeach Amaranth.jpg|Seabeach amaranth (''A. pumilus''), an [[endangered species]] of amaranth
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| − | Image:Illustration Amaranthus retroflexus0.jpg|Red-root Amaranth (''A. retroflexus'') - from Thomé, ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' 1885
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| − | Image:Amaranthus.spinosus1web.jpg|Spiny Amaranth (''Amaranthus spinosus'')
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| − | Image:Amaranthus spinosus c.jpg|Callaloo (''Amaranthus spinosus "calaloo"'')
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| − | Image:Amaranthus.viridis1web.jpg|Green Amaranth (''Amaranthus viridis'')
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| − | Image:Amaranth_sp_2.jpg| Popping Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.)
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| − | </gallery> | |
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| − | == References and external links ==
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| − | {{Commonscat|Amaranthus}}
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| − | *Lenz, ''Botanik der alt. Greich. und Rom.'' Botany of old. (1859)
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| − | *J. Murr, ''Die Pflanzenwelt in der griech. Mythol.'' Plants in Greek Mythology. (1890)
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| − | *[http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/amaranthus_hybridus_thumbnails.htm Amaranthus hybridus]
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| − | *[http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/amaranthus_spinosus_thumbnails.htm Amaranthus spinosus]
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| − | *[http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/600max/html/starr_010520_0109_amaranthus_viridis.htm Amaranthus viridis]
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| − | *[http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/flora/browse.do?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101257 Flora online : Flora of North America]
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| − | *[http://amaranth.twoday.net/topics/Amaranthus+Info/ Amaranthus Info]
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| − | *[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/amaranth.html Alternate Field Crops Manual]
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| − | {{Cereals}}
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| − | [[Category:Amaranthaceae]]
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| − | [[Category:Cereals]]
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| − | [[Category:Grains]]
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| − | [[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
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| − | [[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
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| − | [[Category:Underutilized crops]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
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| − | [[cs:Laskavec]]
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| − | [[de:Amarant (Pflanzengattung)]]
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| − | [[es:Amaranthus]]
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| − | [[eo:Amaranto nutraĵa]]
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| − | [[fr:Amarante (plante)]]
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| − | [[id:Bayam]]
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| − | [[it:Amaranto (alimento)]]
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| − | [[lt:Burnotis]]
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| − | [[ms:Pokok Bayam]]
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| − | [[nah:Huauhtli]]
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| − | [[nl:Amarant (geslacht)]]
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| − | [[pl:Szarłat]]
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| − | [[pt:Amaranthus]]
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| − | [[sv:Amarant]]
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