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| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3}} |
| − | <noinclude><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | </noinclude> | + | <!-- 3. Dar las características distintivas de las diferentes sub-familias, con ejemplos de cada una. --> |
| − | <!-- 3. Give the distinguishing characteristics of the different sub-families, with examples of each. --> | |
| − | ===Bovinae===
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| − | {{Antelope sub-family
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| − | |latin_name = Bovinae
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| − | |common_name = cattle and spiral-horned antelopes
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| − | |image = Water buffalo bathing.jpg
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| − | | num_genera = 9
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| − | | num_species = 24
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| − | | characteristics = General characteristics include a cloven hoof and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having a true horn.
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| − | }}
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| − | ===Cephalophinae===
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| − | {{Antelope sub-family
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| − | |latin_name = Cephalophinae
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| − | |common_name = Duiker
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| − | |image = Common Duiker1.jpg
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| − | | num_genera = 2
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| − | | num_species = 19
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| − | | characteristics =
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| − | With a slightly arched body and the front legs a little shorter than the hind legs, they are well-shaped to penetrate thickets. They are primarily browsers rather than grazers, eating leaves, shoots, seeds, fruit, buds and bark, and often follow flocks of birds or troops of monkeys to take advantage of the fruit they drop. They supplement their diet with meat: duikers take insects and carrion from time to time, and even stalk and capture rodents or small birds.
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| − | }}
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| − | ===Hippotraginae===
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| − | {{Antelope sub-family
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| − | |latin_name = Hippotraginae
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| − | |common_name = grazing antelopes
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| − | |image = Sable bull.jpg
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| − | | num_genera = 5
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| − | | num_species = 6
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| − | | characteristics = These grass-eaters form small groups of both males and females.
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| − | }}
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| − | </div>
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| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4}} |
| − | <noinclude><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | </noinclude> | + | <!-- 4. ¿Qué gran antílope difiere de la mayoría de los otros en apariencia? ¿Cuáles son algunos de sus hábitos peculiares? --> |
| − | <!-- 4. Which large antelope differs from most of the others in appearance? What are some of its peculiar habits? --> | |
| − | [[Image:Gnou Thoiry 19803.jpg|thumb|450px|The ''wildebeest'', also known as the ''gnu''.]]
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| − | The wildebeest is the most unique looking antelope. It has a beefy muscular front-heavy appearance with a distinctive robust muzzle, it strides with relatively slender legs and moves gracefully and quietly most of the time, belying the reputation for stampeding in herds; however the stampeding characteristic may sometimes be observed. Probably the most conspicuous feature of the Blue Wildebeest are the large horns shaped like parentheses, extending outward to the side and then curving up and inward. The manes appear long, stiff, thick and jet black, a color assumed by the tail and face as well.
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| − | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4}} | + | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=5}} |
| − | <noinclude><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | </noinclude> | + | <!-- 5. ¿Cuál es la función de las glándulas de almizcle en los antílopes? ¿Dónde están estas glándulas situadas en los de tipo gregario? ¿Dónde están estas glándulas situadas en los de tipos solitarios? --> |
| − | <!-- 4. What is the function of musk glands in the antelopes? Where are these glands situated on the gregarious types? On the solitary types? --> | |
| − | Musk glands secrete a substance with a penetrating odor called (what else?) ''musk''. The purpose of musk is to attract a mate. On the gregarious types of anteloope, the musk glands are located on the face beneath the eyes. On the solitary types, it is within a sac located between the genitals and the umbilicus (belly button).
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| − | </div>
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| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6}} |
| − | <noinclude><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | </noinclude> | + | <!-- 6. ¿Cuáles especies puede uno esperar encontrar en: --> |
| − | <!-- 5. Which species could you expect to find in: --> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | <noinclude> | |
| − | </div></noinclude>
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| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6a}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6a}} |
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| − | <noinclude> | |
| − | </div></noinclude>
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| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=7}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=7}} |
| − | <noinclude><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | </noinclude> | + | <!-- 7. Describir los cuernos, en ambos sexos de cada especie, de 15 diferentes antílopes. ¿Hay algún ciervo en el sur de África? ¿Cuál es la estructura de sus cuernos? --> |
| − | <!-- 7. Describe the horns, in both sexes of each species, of 15 different antelopes. What is the structure of these horns? Are there any deer in South Africa? What is the structure of their horns? --> | |
| − | <gallery caption="Antelope Horns" numcol="3">
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| − | Image:Oryx Gazella Namibia horns.JPG|'''Oryx:''' Narrow, and straight except in the scimitar oryx, where they curve backwards like a scimitar. Similar in males and in females.
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| − | Image:Aepyceros melampus petersi horns.jpg|'''Impala:''' Males have lyre-shaped horns which can reach up to 90 centimeters in length.
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| − | Image:Kobus_ellipsiprymnus_horns.jpg|'''Waterbuck:''' The long spiral structured horns, found only in males, sweep back and up.
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| − | Image:Sable bull horns.jpg|'''Sable Antelope:''' Have ringed horns which arch backward, in females these can reach a meter, but in males they can reach over one and a half meters.
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| − | Image:Thomsons-gazelle horns.jpg|'''Thompsons Gazelle:''' Long and pointed with slight curvature.
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| − | Image:Topi rwanda horns.jpg|'''Tsessebe:''' The horns are lyre-shaped and are conspicuously ringed and can reach 70 centimetres in both sexes.
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| − | Image:Hippotragus equinus cottoni horns.jpg|'''Roan antelope:'''ringed and can reach a metre long in males, slightly shorter in females. They arch backwards slightly.
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| − | Image:Addax horns.jpg|'''Addax:''' Found on both males and females, the horns have two twists and can reach 80 centimeters in females and 120 centimeters in males.
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| − | Image:Common Duiker1 horns.jpg|'''Common duiker:''' The male bears horns which can grow to 4.25 inches (11 cm) long.
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| − | Image:Dik-dik horns.jpg|'''Dik-dik:''' The males have horns, which are small (about 3 in or 7.5 cm), slanted backwards. The females do not have horns.
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| − | Image:Klipspringer horns.jpg|'''Klipspringer:''' Only the males have horns that are usually about 20-25cm (4-6 inches) long.
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| − | Image:Kob_horns.jpg|'''Kob:''' The short ringed horns, found only in males, are around 50 centimetres in length and arch out slightly so that they are somewhat 'S' shaped in profile.
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| − | Image:BlackbuckAntelope2 horns.jpg|'''Blackbuck:''' The horns of the Blackbuck are ringed with 3 to 4 turns and can be as long as 28 inches. The female is usually hornless.
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| − | Image:Gnu horns.jpg|'''Wildebeest:''' Shaped like parentheses, extending outward to the side and then curving up and inward. In the male the horns can attain a total span of almost 90 centimeters, while the female's horn width is about half the size of the male. These cow-like horns of both sexes are somewhat broad at the base and are without ridges. The male horns have a boss-like structure joining the two horns.
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| − | Image:Springbok horns.jpg|'''Springbok:''' Rams have thick horns, the ewes tend to have more frail horns. Average horn length for both genders is 35 cm.
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | </div>
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| − | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
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| − | [[Image:Dama dama8.JPG|thumb|Male fallow deer with antlers]]
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| − | Though there are no native deer in South Africa, the Europeans imported the fallow deer during colonial times. Deer have antlers rather than horns. While an antler is growing it is covered with highly vascular skin called velvet, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone; once the antler has achieved its proper size, the velvet is lost and the antler's bone dies. This dead bone structure is the mature antler. Antlers shed after each mating season. Horns are not shed, but are permanent fixtures on the animal's head. Rather than a velvet covering, horns are covered with keratin (the same thing fingernails are made of).
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| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=8}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=8}} |
| − | <noinclude><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | </noinclude> | + | <!-- 8. Nombrar al menos 20 especies de antílopes que haya observado y que puede identificar al aire libre, no más de cinco de los cuales están en cautiverio. --> |
| − | <!-- 8. Name at least 20 species of antelope that you have observed and can identify out-of-doors, not more than 5 of which are in captivity. --> | |
| − | {{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
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| − | |This requirement restricts the honor to Pathfinders living in selected parts of Africa, or those that can afford a game safari. This goes against the principle of making honors accessible to all Pathfinders.
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| − | |Name at least 20 species of antelope that you have observed and can identify out-of-doors, in a zoo or on video without referring to signs or labels.
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| − | }}
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| − | Now you know why this honor was specific to the East-Africa Division when first introduced.
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| − | </div>
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| − | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
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| − | No antelope species is native to Australasia or Antarctica, nor do any extant species occur in the Americas.
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| − | </div>
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| − | More species of antelope are native to Africa than to any other continent, but some occur in Asia. The Arabian Peninsula is home to the Arabian oryx and Dorcas gazelle. India is home to the nilgai, chinkara, blackbuck, Tibetan antelope, and four-horned antelope, while Russia and Central Asia have the Tibetan antelope, and saiga antelope.
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| − | </div>
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| + | {{clear}} |
| − | Many species of antelopes have been imported to other parts of the world, especially the United States, for exotic game hunting. With some species possessing spectacular leaping and evasive skills, individuals may escape. Texas in particular has many game ranches, as well as habitats and climates, that are very hospitable to African and Asian plains antelope species. Accordingly, wild populations of blackbuck antelope, gemsbok, and nilgai may be found in Texas.
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| − | </div>
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| + | {{clear}} |
| − | Bovids are most plentiful in Africa, but there are at least five wild species in North America:
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| − | #Mountain Goat (''Oreamnos americanus'')
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| − | #Bighorn Sheep (''Ovis canadensis'')
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| − | #Dall Sheep (''Ovis dalli'') including the two sub-species
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| − | ##Dall Sheep (''Ovis dalli dalli'')
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| − | ##Stone's Sheep (''Ovis dalli stonei'')
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| − | #Muskox (''Ovibos moschatus'')
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| − | #American Bison (''Bison bison'')
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| − | *'''The pronghorn antelope found in North America (''Antilocapra americana'') is not a member of the bovid family!'''
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| − | </div>
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| + | {{clear}} |
| − | Of course, domestic bovids are plentiful in North America, as they include goats, sheep, and cattle. Though none of the animals we have listed in this requirement so far are antelopes, keep in mind that there is no scientific distinction between antelopes and other bovids. Basically, if a bovid is not an ox, goat, or sheep, then it is considered an antelope.
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| − | </div>
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| − | For those outside Africa trying to earn this honor, it might be appropriate to ignore this distinction (it is, after all, quite arbitrary and unscientific). Even with the expanded definition, those living in the NAD are still left with a major problem - the wild North American bovids are relatively rare, and pretty much limited to the West. Some of them are quite elusive. Spotting all of them in the wild would be quite a feat indeed. Spotting 20 antelopes in captivity can be easily accomplished by visiting a large zoo (or by visiting multiple, smaller zoos).
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| − | </div>
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| − | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | {{clear}} |
| − | A possible alternative for those living outside Africa is to study the antelopes prior to a zoo visit. Then keep track of how many antelopes you can correctly identify by observing the animal (rather than the placard outside its enclosure). As the instructor of this honor, if you cannot find a way to meet this requirement, you should substitute something else that would require an ''equivalent effort'' if you lived in Africa. Please do not just waive the requirement.
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| − | </div>
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| − | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | {{:AY Honors/Zoo Visit}} |
| − | {{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Zoo Visit}} | |
| − | </div>
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| − | <noinclude> | |
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| | {{CloseReq}} <!-- 8 --> | | {{CloseReq}} <!-- 8 --> |
| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=9}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=9}} |
| − | <noinclude><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | </noinclude> | + | <!-- 9. ¿Qué es una gacela? ¿Dónde se encuentra este animal? --> |
| − | <!-- 9. What is a gazelle? Where would you find this animal? --> | |
| − | A [[W:gazelle|gazelle]] is an antelope of the genus ''Gazella'', but there are also three members of the genus ''Procapra'' that are also referred to as gazelles. Gazelles are known as swift animals; they are able to reach high speeds (about {{units|56 km/hour|35 miles/hour}}) for long periods (15 minutes) of time. Gazelles are mostly found in the grasslands and savannas of Africa, but they are also found in southwest Asia. They tend to live in herds and will eat less coarse, easily digestible plants and leaves.
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| − | <noinclude> | |
| − | </div></noinclude>
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| | {{CloseReq}} <!-- 9 --> | | {{CloseReq}} <!-- 9 --> |
| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=10}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=10}} |
| − | <noinclude><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | </noinclude> | + | <!-- 10. Nombrar algunas enfermedades asociadas con los bovinos silvestres. ¿Cómo se transmiten? ¿Qué importancia económica tienen para el hombre? --> |
| − | <!-- 10. Name some diseases associated with wild bovies. How are they transmitted? Of what economic importance are they to man? --> | |
| − | ;Foot-and-mouth disease: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD, Latin binomial Aphtae epizooticae), sometimes called hoof-and-mouth disease, is a highly contagious and sometimes fatal viral disease of cattle and pigs. It can also infect deer, goats, sheep, and other bovids with cloven hooves, as well as elephants, rats, and hedgehogs. Humans are very rarely affected.
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| − | </div>
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| + | {{clear}} |
| − | :Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease have resulted in the slaughter of millions of domestic animals, despite this being a frequently non-fatal disease for adult animals (2-5% mortality), though young animals can have a high mortality. The destruction of animals is primarily to halt further spread, as growth and milk production may be permanently affected, even in animals that have recovered.
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| − | </div>
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| − | ;Sleeping Sickness: Sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease in people and animals, caused by protozoa of genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly. Bovids are susceptible to the disease, and serve as a reservoir for the parasite. Even when the disease is eliminated from the human population, humans can be reinfected when the tsetse fly transfers the parasite from the bovids to people.
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| − | </div>
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| − | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | {{clear}} |
| − | ;Bovine malignant catarrhal fever: Bovine malignant catarrhal fever (BMCF) is a disease caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) of the family Herpesviridae. The disease is fatal in cattle and other ruminants such as deer, antelope, and buffalo. In Africa, wildebeests carry AlHV-1 but are not affected by the disease. It is passed from mother to offspring and shed in the nasal secretions of wildebeest calves. Cattle are infected by contact with the secretions, but do not spread the disease to other cattle. Hartebeests and topi also may carry the disease.
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| | {{CloseReq}} <!-- 10 --> | | {{CloseReq}} <!-- 10 --> |
| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=11}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=11}} |
| − | <noinclude><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | </noinclude> | + | <!-- 11. Conocer las leyes de caza de su lugar/provincia. --> |
| − | <!-- 11. Know the game laws of your province. --> | |
| − | Remember that this honor is specific to the East Africa Division, so when this requirement asks you for the game laws of ''your'' province, it assumes an African province. If you do not live in Africa, it should suffice to know the game laws of any African province where antelopes are common.
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| − | </div>
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| − | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
| + | {{clear}} |
| − | In South Africa foreigners are not allowed to hunt except when they have hired a licensed professional hunter as a guide. The client and the guide must enter into a written contract prior to the commencement of the hunt, and the professional hunter must be licensed in every territory where the hunt takes place.
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| − | </div>
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| − | Hunting in South Africa is allowed year-round, but mostly it is done from June until August. Foreigners may use a rifle provided by the guide, or they may bring their own. If they opt to bring their own, they must declare it to customs when entering the country, and they must take it with them again when they leave. The gun must be marked with a serial number, and the hunter must be able to prove that he owns the rifle.
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| − | </div>
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| + | {{clear}} |
| − | For more information, see http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/south-africa-hunting.html
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| − | </div>
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| − | <noinclude> | |
| − | </div></noinclude>
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| | {{CloseReq}} <!-- 11 --> | | {{CloseReq}} <!-- 11 --> |
| − | <noinclude><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | </noinclude> | + | ==Referencias== |
| − | ==References== | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | Wikipedia articles:
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| − | *[[w:Antelopes|Antelopes]]
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| − | *[[w:Even-toed ungulate|Even-toed ungulate]]
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| − | *[[w:Bovid|Bovid]]
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| − | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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| − | <noinclude> | |
| − | </div></noinclude>
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| | {{CloseHonorPage}} | | {{CloseHonorPage}} |
