AY Honors/Cold Weather Survival/Answer Key

2. Research and discuss the following regarding cold weather apparel.

a. Benefits and disadvantages of clothing made of wool, polypropylene, cotton, nylon or combinations. How does each type affect the body when it is wet? What other/newer clothing materials are recommended for cold weather survival? Why?

General principle here is how the material interacts with water, either perspiration or external water. The key is to stay dry. Materials like wool, polypropylene and nylons do not absorb (hold) water/moisture. Moisture in fabric quickly wicks away heat from the body. This is why these materials are preferred for winter use. Cotton is not recommended for cold weather wear since it will absorb and hold moisture, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the material to keep a person warm. In extremely cold weather, fabric that gets wet (from sweat or otherwise) can actually freeze and stiffen making it both very cold and very inconvenient.

While down is a wonderful natural material, it can absorb moisture too (though some very new treatments minimize this). Down gets its warmth from its loft, or fluffiness. If down is compressed, it has little to no insulating value. If down is moist (even from heavy perspiration), it can lose much of its insulating quality as well. Down is best saved for use when heavy exertion is not expected, or as a top layer in a very carefully planned, layered system. Down makes a very poor base layer.

Another factor to consider is how fast an article of clothing will dry once wet. Synthetics tend to dry much faster than cotton, even in the cold. Generally speaking, cotton is a poor choice for cold weather use where it cannot be dried easily.

3. Choose from some of the items on the following list and create your own survival kit that can be carried in a Hydro-pack or Fanny-pack. Tell how each item would be useful.

Survival Whistle

Fire Starter

Tinder (dryer lint, candle)

Water

High calorie energy bar

Flashlight or headlamp

Compass

Pocket Knife / multi-tool

Mylar Emergency Sleeping Bag

Hand warmers

First aid supplies

Compact Folding Shovel

This Honor Sheet

Rain Poncho / Small Tarp

Cell phone, GPS, FRS Radio

Signal Flare

Other items you might consider

The items listed above are part of this honor's requirements, but they are not an exhaustive list of items that would be useful in a cold weather survival situation. You might also consider these items:

Large Trash Bag

can be used as a emergency shelter. Cutting a breathing hole near the bottom of the bag lets you cover your head and save a lot of heat.

Bright Colored Jello

spread on the snow is a good signal to air search and rescue teams (if it is not snowing).

Avalanche Transceivers

send out a radio signal helping buddies with another unit locate exactly where the sending unit is located.

Avalanche Airbags

help someone "float" near the top of an avalanche.

4. Discuss the hazards of hypothermia, a condition in which the body’s core temperature drops below the required temperature for normal metabolism and body functions. Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 98–100 °F.

a. MILD symptoms

If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. Characteristic symptoms occur such as uncontrollable shivering.

b. MODERATE symptoms

Surface blood vessels contract further as the body focuses its remaining resources on keeping the vital organs warm. The victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue.

c. SEVERE symptoms

Difficulty in speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia. Inability to use hands and stumbling are also present. The exposed skin becomes blue and puffy, muscle coordination becomes very poor, walking becomes almost impossible, and the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior. Major organs fail. Clinical death occurs.

7. Memorize the Hypothermia “Umbles” and which stage they occur in: (Mumble, Grumble, Fumble, Stumble Tumble).

The "umbles" show that a person is being adversely affected by the cold. It begins with the loss of physical coordination (stumbles, fumbles, and tumbles). This progresses to the loss of mental acuity (grumbles and mumbles).

8. Watch a quality video/documentary on Survival and Hypothermia

Cold water hypothermia aboard a ship. University of Alaska, Kodiak Community College.

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MedWild has a number of good videos on wilderness survival and medicine including altitude, frostbite, hypothermia, etc..

https://www.youtube.com/user/MedWildVideos

By Nature's Rules is a hypothermia training movie from the 1970s but is still good. <HTML5video type="youtube" width="400" autoplay="false">66glbp6jC3c</HTML5video>

Hug-A-Tree and Survive (Canada) Search and Rescue.

https://www.adventuresmart.ca/kids/hugatree.htm

9. Contact your local Search & Rescue and ask them to speak to your club.

Remember that SAR are volunteers that give tirelessly of their time and money to training and helping people who are in trouble. Respect their time and be thankful.

12. Complete the following Group Activity or its equivalent within a Cold Weather Survival context.

b. Make your own fire starter using items such as paper egg carton, sawdust and wax, or other materials of your choosing that will last at least 10 minutes.

Paper egg carton, sawdust, and wax

For this fire starter you will need to melt some wax. Use a double boiler for this so that you do not accidentally ignite the wax. While the wax is melting, fill each compartment of the egg carton (make sure it's a paper-based egg carton) with sawdust. Fill them all the way to the top, but do not pack the sawdust in. When the wax is fully liquified, pour it into the sawdust and allow it to soak all the way through. Once the wax hardens, cut the compartments apart. You only need one of these to get a fire going.

Cotton balls and petroleum jelly

Another great fire starter is made by working petroleum jelly (such as Vaseline) into a cotton ball. Store these in a water-tight container so that you don't get petroleum jelly all over everything in your pack. These will light even when wet, and they will burn for at least ten minutes.

References

Compare to this honor version: http://www.pathfinderconnection.com/uploads/3/2/1/3/3213915/winter_wilderness_survival.pdf