AY Honors/Pioneering/Answer Key

1. Describe in writing, orally, or with pictures how the early pioneers met the following basic living needs:

a. Housing and furnishings

Housing

Log Cabin

Sod House

The first European settlers in the New World came from England, and brought English building practices with them. In England, timber was scarce, and the building techniques reflected that scarcity. This really made little sense, because the East Coast of the New World where they settled was literally covered with timber. When the Swedes arrived around 1640, they introduced the log cabin. Compared to other house-building techniques, log cabin construction saved a lot of labor. Logs needed to be debarked, cut to length, and notched where they made joints. They did not need to be sawn into planks.

The log cabin served the pioneers well until they pushed into the Great Plains where trees again were scarce. Settlers in the plains turned to the most abundant building material available to them - sod. They would cut from the ground rectangles of sod measuring about 600×300×150mm, and pile them into walls. The resulting structure was a well-insulated but damp dwelling that was very inexpensive. Sod houses required frequent maintenance and were vulnerable to rain damage. Stucco or wood panels often protected the outer walls. Canvas or plaster often lined the interior walls.

2. Construct a piece of useful furniture by lashing. Learn the following lashings:

a. Square

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Square

b. Diagonal

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Diagonal

c. Sheer

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Sheer

d. Continuous

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Continuous

3. Do one of the following:

a. Weave a basket using natural materials.

See the Basketry honor for instruction.

4. Know how to make flour from at least one wild plant for use in baking.

Flour can be made from clover blossoms. Gather about 8 liters of them and let them dry for two weeks. You can also put them in a low temperature oven for an hour or two. Once they are dry, grind them to powder with a mortar and pestle. This will make about 250 ml of flour. Mix half-and-half with wheat flour. It makes good pancakes.

You can also make flour with acorns (it's a lot of work), and the roots or pollen of cattail. See the answers to the Edible Wild Plants honor for details.

5. Build a fire without matches. Use natural fire building materials. Keep the fire going for five minutes. You may use the following to start your fire:

a. Flint and steel

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Flint and steel

b. Friction

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Friction

c. Electric spark

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Electric spark

d. Curved glass

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Curved glass

e. Metal match

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Metal match

f. Compressed air

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Compressed air

6. Show axmanship knowledge in the following:

f. Properly split wood that is at least eight inches (20.3 cm) in diameter and one foot (30.5 cm) long.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Splitting firewood

7. Do two of the following:

a. Make a ten-foot (3.0 meters) rope from natural material or twine.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knots/Making rope

d. Construct an adequate and comfortable latrine.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Latrine

11. Do two of the following:

a. Make a wax candle or other form of pioneer light source.

See the Candlemaking honor for instruction. Why not earn it while you're at it?

b. Make a batch of soap.

Note that this is also a major requirement for the Soap Craft - Advanced honor.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Making soap

c. Milk a cow.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Milk a cow

d. Churn butter.

This can be done when sitting around the campfire. Get a half pint of heavy cream and place it in a sealable container with a wide mouth, such as a Tupperware vessel. Place a marble (or similar object) in the container with the cream and seal it up tight. Then pass it around the campfire having everyone shake it for a minute or two. After ten to fifteen minutes, the container should have two things in it: butter, and buttermilk. You can pour off the buttermilk (save it for biscuits or pancakes in the morning) and you are left with solid butter. Delicious!

e. Make a quill pen and write with it.

Quill pen

If you don't happen to have a flock of geese from which to pluck feathers, you can always buy them at a craft supply store. Select a feather that is about 30 cm long. The first step in making a quill pen is to temper the shaft. This can be done by heating a tin can filled with sand in an oven at 175°C for 15 minutes. If camping, you can do this in a campfire as well. Carefully remove the can from the heat and jam the end of the feather into the sand as far as it will go. Let it sit there until the sand cools. This will cause the transparent shaft of the feather opaque.

Strip some of the "hair" off the feather so that it will not get in the way of the writer's hand. 5 to 7.5 cm will do fine. Hold the feather in your hand to see how it wants to orient itself. Unlike a modern pen, one portion of the feather's shaft will be the "top". Usually, the feather will curve over the hand as you hold it.

This page has a good description, but we'd need to put it in our own words. http://www.flick.com/~liralen/quills/quills.html

g. Assist in making a quilt.

Why not earn the Quilting honor while you're at it?

13. Do one of the following:

c. With an experienced leader, participate in a two-day, 15-mile (25 km) canoe trip, carrying all needed supplies properly. A short portage should be done.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Canoe trip

d. With an experienced leader, participate in a two-day, 15-mile (25 km) backpack trip, carrying all needed supplies.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Backpack trip