View source for AY Honors/First Aid/Answer Key/en

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<!-- 1. Learning first aid means that you may be called to assist someone who is facing life or death outcomes. Memorize at least two texts that you could share with someone in a physical and spiritual crisis while waiting for professional medical assistance. -->

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<!-- 2. If residing in the United States or another country in which Red Cross or American Heart instruction is given, take the Red Cross First Aid class and satisfactorily pass the Red Cross Examination in First Aid and receive your certificate. Or take First Aid through the American Heart Association and satisfactorily pass the First Aid test and receive your certification. In countries that use St. John Ambulance, take the class and pass the examination and receive your certificate. -->

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<!-- 3. Describe how to recognize emergency possibilities where first aid may need to be provided until more advanced help comes and the responsibility for providing first aid. -->

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<!-- 4. Explain the importance of making sure the scene is safe before administering first aid. Brainstorm a list of dangers that could occur in a variety of situations. -->

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<!-- 5. Learn the contact information for emergencies in the area where you live. List the information necessary for contacting them in emergencies. Watch an educational video on how to contact the emergency services or interview an EMT worker or EMS operator. -->

In most states in the U.S., it is 9-1-1. When calling in, you need to provide information on the emergency which includes the following:
* Location, address or area identifying information.
* Number of victims, Injury or illness that you can observe, and the operator may ask for other specific information. 

Contact 9-1-1 (Emergency phone number for the United States –(KNOW YOUR emergency contact information where you are located) - provide information on your particular emergency, i.e., location, number of victims, injury or illness that you are observing, etc. If you are alone, you may need to contact 9- 1-1 first. If you can summon others to help, one may be able to phone 9-1-1 and relay messages. If you are alone, without a cell phone, shout for help.

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<!-- 6. Know the examples of when it is necessary to call the emergency contact number. For each of the following situations, role-play making an emergency call (do NOT call the number while role-playing!). -->

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<!-- 7. Explain the importance of wearing gloves and other Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when giving first aid. -->

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<!-- 8. Know the possible first aid responses to the following breathing emergencies and demonstrate: -->

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Choking}}

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<!-- 9. Understand what CPR is and explain the basics of using chest compressions as needed. -->

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<!-- 10. Know and explain the difference between sudden cardiac arrest and heart attack. What are the symptoms of a heart attack? -->
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Heart_attack}}

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<!-- 11. What is fainting? Know and demonstrate the first aid procedures to assist someone who has fainted. -->
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Fainting}}

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<!-- 12. Know the signs and symptoms of a person with low blood sugar and what first aid actions to take. -->

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<!-- 13. What is a stroke? What are the signs and symptoms? -->
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Stroke}}

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<!-- 14. What is a seizure? Role-play how to help a person during and after a seizure. -->

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<!-- 15. Describe the difference between minor bleeding and severe bleeding. Know when to call the emergency contact number for bleeding. Practice the proper response for controlling bleeding using dressings and pressure. -->
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Bleeding}}

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<!-- 16. Know when and how to properly use a tourniquet. Using a chart, mannequin or other instructional device, demonstrate where the various pressure points are on a body and how to properly apply pressure. -->

A '''tourniquet''' is a tightly tied band applied around a body part (an arm or a leg) sometimes used in an attempt to stop severe traumatic bleeding. Severe bleeding means the loss of more than 1,000 ml (1 litre) of blood. This flow of blood can soak a paper or cloth handkerchief in a few seconds. In such a situation, the bleeding will cause the death of the casualty in seconds to minutes.

A tourniquet is a ''last resort'' method of bleeding control. Other methods that should be applied first and in conjunction, if possible, include:

* direct pressure
* elevation of the limb or wound above the heart
* the use of a pressure point to slow the artery above the injury(s)
* blood-clotting agents or bandages

Even in cases of amputation, most bleeding can be controlled through these alternative methods. The rare exception is when a limb is shattered by massive trauma or when a major blood vessel is torn along its length. Even in these cases, the use of a pressure point above the wound is strongly preferred.

As the tourniquet stops blood flow to the limb, it can cause the death of the limb, forcing the later surgical amputation of the limb just below the level the tourniquet is applied. This is likely to occur when the tourniquet stays in place several hours. In any event, once a tourniquet has been applied, advanced medical care from a doctor or hospital ''will'' be required to salvage the limb if not save the life of the patient.

The decision to employ a tourniquet should be made by an emergency medical technician or preferably a doctor if at all possible. But when severe external bleeding cannot be controlled by other means, a tourniquet may be the only way for a first-aider to save the casualty.

Most civilian first aid instruction in the United States no longer teaches the use of the tourniquet for the following reasons:
* the effectiveness of direct pressure, elevation and pressure points (controlling severe bleeding in up to 90% of cases as estimated by US medical sources)
* the increased difficulty of reattaching an amputated limb when a tourniquet has been applied to the victim
* unnecessary use by poorly trained bystanders
* the unavoidable risks to both limb and life even when properly employed
* the rare nature of injuries that require tourniquets, which typically occur in unusual settings such as working with agricultural or industrial machinery and the battlefield

The use of a tourniquet by a layperson in countries where it is considered outside the scope of practice of first aid may result in civil lawsuits and/or criminal charges, especially if the application was later found to have been unnecessary.

{{:AY Honors/First aid/Pressure_points}}

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<!-- 17. Know the causes of shock and demonstrate proper treatment. -->
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Shock}}

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<!-- 18. Explain the first aid procedure in assisting someone for each of the following: -->

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<!-- 19. Using a peeled grape or boiled egg, demonstrate how to help with an eye injury - both physical and chemical. -->

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<!-- 20. How do you stop external bleeding from a puncture wound? Explain why you should not remove any object stuck in the body. -->

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<!-- 21. What do you do when there is a traumatic amputation emergency? Practice the correct way to handle the amputated part. -->

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<!-- 22. Know the proper treatment for head, neck, or spinal injuries. Under what circumstances should you move or not move a person with a possible head, neck, or spinal injury? -->
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Head_injury}}

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<!-- 23. If advanced emergency assistance will not be available for a while, you may need to apply dressing, bandages and splints to be able to move a victim safely. Know and demonstrate the following bandages and splints: -->
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Splints}}

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Start by laying a strip of roller bandage along the length of the limb, from the larger portion to the smaller (for example, from the elbow to the wrist, or from the knee to the ankle). Then make two or three turns around the smaller part of the limb, and then wind upward in a spiral fashion, covering the first part of the bandage that was laid down. For an open spiral, leave gaps between successive windings. This is useful for holding dressings in place over a large area, as needed in the case of a burn. For a closed spiral, overlap each winding. Secure at the top by tying the two ends of the bandage together with a square knot.
{{:AY Honors/Knot/Square}}

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Ankle_splint}}

The figure-eight bandage can also be used on the hand, wrist, elbow, and knee.

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Begin by laying the bandage along the length of the injured finger, leaving the end extending a couple of inches to the center of the palm. Then take the bandage over the fingertip, and going back down again on the other side to the base of the finger. Twist the bandage, and begin spiraling towards the fingertip. When the top joint of the finger is reached, spiral downwards again towards the base of the finger. Tie the two ends together with a square knot to secure the bandage.

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Cravat_bandage_to_head}}

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Upper_arm_splint}}

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Forearm_splint}}

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<!-- 24. Describe the proper treatment for burn injuries and electrical injuries. -->
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For chemical burns:
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Chemical_burn}}

Electrical injuries:
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Electric wire contact}}
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<!-- 25. List the actions to take in the case of bites (animal, insect, snake, spider, etc.) and stings (scorpion, insect, etc.). -->
'''Animal bites'''
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Animal_bites}}
'''Snake bite'''
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Snake_bite}}
'''Insect bites'''
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Insect_bites}}
'''Spider bites'''
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Spider_bites}}

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<!-- 26. Know the proper first aid for tick bites. -->

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<!-- 27. Discuss with your instructor how to recognize the symptoms for heat-related emergencies and cold-related emergencies. Know and demonstrate the proper responses for each. -->
'''Heat Stroke'''
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Heat stroke}}

'''Heat Exhaustion'''
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Heat exhaustion}}

'''Hypothermia'''
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Hypothermia}}

'''Frostbite'''
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Frostbite}}

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<!-- 28. Know what to look for to identify a suspected poisoning victim. Discuss the importance of scene safety with your instructor. Why should you stay out of an area if you see multiple people who may have been exposed to poison? Learn the number for poison control in your area. -->
{{:AY Honors/First aid/Poison}}

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<!-- 29. When a victim must be moved or carried to safety, know the following rescue carries and demonstrate each of the following: -->

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Shoulder drag}}

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Blanket drag}}

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Two person carry}}

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Carry by extremities}}

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Improvised litter}}

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Hammock carry}}

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{{:AY Honors/First aid/Litter carry}}

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==References==

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