View source for AY Honors/Taíno Culture/Answer Key

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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|year=2019
|skill=1
|honorname=Taíno Culture
|category=Regional
|authority=Puerto Rican Union
|insignia_source=Puerto Rican Union
|insignia=Taíno Culture AY Honor.png
}}

==1. Do the following:== <!--T:3-->

===a. Collect at least 10 items related to the customs of the Taínos. They can be originals, replicas, a photo collection, handicrafts and other artifacts. It can be a group collection, which should be varied with at least three objects from each participant.=== <!--T:4-->

===b. Visit a museum or indigenous settlement where different aspects of the Taíno culture are exhibited, or see an exhibition with objects from the Taíno culture. Discuss with your group what interested you the most and why.=== <!--T:5-->

<!--T:6-->
You can visit the [[w:Caguana_Ceremonial_Ball_Courts_Site|Caguana Ceremonial Ball Courts Site]] in [[w:Utuado,_Puerto_Rico|Utuado]], the [[w:Tibes_Indigenous_Ceremonial_Center|Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center]] in [[w:Ponce,_Puerto_Rico|Ponce]], the [https://www.nuevaisla.com/parquedelasciencias.html Indigenous Museum in the Science Park] of [[w:Bayamón|Bayamón]], the [https://www.museolasamericas.org/ Las Américas museum] in the [[w:Ballajá_Barracks|Ballajá Barracks]] of [[w:Old_San_Juan|Old San Juan]], and others that have extensive representation of the Taíno culture.

==2. Define at least 10 of the following words:== <!--T:7-->

===a. Archaics=== <!--T:8-->

<!--T:9-->
It means "the oldest" in reference to the first indigenous people who inhabited the island of Puerto Rico hundreds of years ago. After the archaics, the Taíno culture was established.

===b. Yucayeque=== <!--T:10-->

<!--T:11-->
Name that was given to the villages. It was a community of huts; a Taíno aboriginal home.

===c. Cacique=== <!--T:12-->

<!--T:13-->
Chief of the yucayeque.

===d. Caney=== <!--T:14-->

<!--T:15-->
The house of the cacique.

===e. Conucos=== <!--T:16-->

<!--T:17-->
Farm or area dedicated to agriculture.

===f. Guanín=== <!--T:18-->

<!--T:19-->
Medallion or special adornment worn by the cacique on his chest.

===g. Bija=== <!--T:20-->

<!--T:21-->
Name of the annatto plant used for coloring.

===h. Nagua=== <!--T:22-->

<!--T:23-->
Small skirt for the married Taíno women.

===i. Areyto=== <!--T:24-->

<!--T:25-->
Religious holiday or feast of the village.

===j. Nitaínos=== <!--T:26-->

<!--T:27-->
Warriors, distinguished class with leadership roles.

===k. Bohíque=== <!--T:28-->

<!--T:29-->
Priest and healer.

===l. Naborias=== <!--T:30-->

<!--T:31-->
This was the working class.

===m. Guasábaras=== <!--T:32-->

<!--T:33-->
Indigenous wars.

===n. Coatí=== <!--T:34-->

<!--T:35-->
Dog that can't bark.

===o. Taínos=== <!--T:36-->

<!--T:37-->
An extinct Arawak people formerly inhabiting the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. The word "taíno" meant "noble, lord."

==3. Mention 10 typical foods of the Taínos.== <!--T:38-->

<!--T:39-->
{| style="text-align: left; width: 650px"
|-
| '''[[w:Mammea_americana|Mamey]]''' || '''[[w:Papaya|Papaya]]''' || '''[[w:Tamarind|Tamarind]]''' || '''[[w:Soursop|Soursop]]'''
|-
| '''[[w:Cassava|Cassava]]''' || '''[[w:Sweet_potato|Sweet potato]]''' || '''[[w:Peanut|Peanuts]]''' || '''[[w:Maize|Corn]]'''
|-
| '''[[w:Frog|Frogs]]''' || '''Fish''' and '''[[w:Hawksbill_sea_turtle|sea turtles]]''' || '''[[w:Iguana|Iguana]] meat''' || '''[[w:Hutia|Hutias]]''' (a species of squirrel)
|-
| '''[[w:Pineapple|Pineapple]]''' || '''[[w:Psidium|Guava]]''' || '''[[w:Chili_pepper|Chili pepper]]''' || '''[[w:Cardisoma_guanhumi|Blue land crabs]]'''
|}

==4. Mention the names of five caciques.== <!--T:40-->

<!--T:41-->
Some caciques were:

<!--T:42-->
* [[w:Urayoán|Urayoán]]
* Mabó
* Cacimar
* [[w:Guarionex|Guarionex]]
* Guamaní
* Daguao
* [[w:Agüeybaná|Agüeybaná]]
* [[w:Arasibo|Arasibo]]
* Orocovix
* Aramaná

==5. Mention five physical characteristics of the Taínos.== <!--T:43-->

<!--T:44-->
* Dark, elongated eyes
* Wide, flattened nose
* Copper-colored skin
* Short
* Stocky and well-built body.
* Straight, black hair
* They had no beard or mustache

==6. What is a petroglyph? Draw two figures related to the Taíno culture.== <!--T:45-->

<!--T:46-->
A petroglyph is a drawing made in stone that represents the images of their gods or their beliefs. Below are some examples from the Taíno culture.

<!--T:47-->
[[File:Taíno Symbols Meanings 1.jpg]]
[[File:Taíno Symbols Meanings 2.jpg]]
[[File:Taíno Symbols Meanings 3.jpg]]
[[File:Taíno Symbols Meanings 4.jpg]]
[[File:Taíno Symbols Meanings 5.jpg]]
[[File:Taíno Symbols Meanings 6.jpg]]

<!--T:48-->
You can find more symbols [https://www.tainoage.com/symbols_book.html here].

==7. Mention four materials they used for their housework.== <!--T:49-->

<!--T:50-->
* Guayo: grater made of palms and stones to grate
* Burén: Large clay plate for cooking cassava
* Guariquitén: Clay container to knead the cassava
* Dujo: Throne or special seat of the caciques

==8. Mention two religious beliefs of the Taínos.== <!--T:51-->

<!--T:52-->
* They believed in many gods, they were polytheists
* The ceremonies were conducted by a bohíque (priest or shaman)
* Its main god was "Yocahú", a protector god who lived in "turey" (heaven)
* They represented other minor gods through "[[w:Zemi|zemis]]"
* In many of the "zemies" they placed pieces of bones of famous warriors or chieftains
* They believed in evil gods like "Juracán", god of the cyclone winds
* They believed that people got sick from the presence of evil spirits
* They believed in life after death; when someone died, they placed pots of water and food, and personal items on the grave, to use in the afterlife
* When the chief died, he was given a very special burial, and his favorite wife was buried alive next to the chief; this act was considered an honor

==9. Which of the Taino religious beliefs are practiced today?== <!--T:53-->

<!--T:54-->
Review the beliefs and comment on them. It can enhance the reality that the concept of "god" has reached all parts of the world. Religious life is part of social and family life. When there are no noble guidelines and principles, religion takes human forms, full of superstitions as in indigenous cultures. Christianity is based on the love of God - The Creator, His mercy and forgiveness, and His hope in a new life. Many of these concepts are found in indigenous beliefs: hope, life after death, reward in the hereafter, and faith in rituals, among others.

==10. Name 10 Taíno words that are still used.== <!--T:55-->

<!--T:56-->
In much of the Caribbean Spanish lingo, these words are still used:

<!--T:57-->
{| style="text-align: left; width: 400px"
|-
| '''Hamaca''' || '''Macana''' || '''Juey''' || '''Batea''' || '''Barbacoa'''
|-
| '''Cabuya''' || '''Güiro''' || '''Bohío''' || '''Camuy''' || '''Yuagua'''
|-
| '''Yagua''' || '''Taíno''' || '''Batey''' || '''Canoa''' || '''Yuca'''
|-
| '''Jíbaro''' || '''Tereque''' || '''Guarapo''' || '''Maraca''' || '''Guayo'''
|-
| '''Iguana''' || '''Sabana''' || '''Enagua''' || '''Chin'''
|}

==References== <!--T:58-->

<!--T:59-->
* [[w:Taíno|Wikipedia: Taíno People]]
* [https://www.tainoage.com/meaning.html Meaning of Taíno Symbols]

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