View source for AY Honors/Stars - Advanced/Answer Key 2/es

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{{honor_desc/es
|honorname=Cosmografía - Avanzado
|skill=3
|year=1949
|category=Estudio de la naturaleza
|authority=División Norteamericana
|insignia=Stars_Advanced.png
}}

{{Division variant/es|division = Asociación General}}


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<!-- 1. Tener la especialidad de Cosmografía. -->
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<!-- 2. ¿Cómo se puede percatar del aparente movimiento diario de las estrellas? -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Daily_motion/es}}

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<!-- 3. ¿Qué son cada uno de los siguientes? Identificar personalmente o de imágenes un ejemplo de cada uno. -->

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Planet/es}}

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Satellite/es}}
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Comet/es}}

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Meteor/es}}

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<noinclude>===e. Meteorito===
[[Image:Willamette meteorite.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Meteorito Willamette, el más grande encontrado en los Estados Unidos]]

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Nebula/es}}

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Constellation/es}}

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Fixed_star/es}}

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Sunspot/es}}

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<!-- 4. Definir los siguientes términos: -->

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La esfera celeste es una esfera imaginario en rotación de un «radio gigantesco», con la Tierra en el centro. Todos los objetos en los cielos pueden ser considerados como si estuvieran recostados sobre esta esfera.

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Los dos polos celestes son los puntos imaginarios donde el eje de rotación de la Tierra intersecta la esfera celeste. El polo celeste al norte actualmente tiene casi las mismas coordenadas que la estrella brillante de Polaris (que en latín significa «Estrella Polar»). 

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El ecuador celeste es un círculo máximo de la esfera celeste imaginaria, que es en realidad el plano del ecuador terrestre extendido hacia el universo (es decir, podría ser construido mediante la extrapolación del ecuador de la Tierra hasta que toque la esfera celeste).

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El horizonte es la línea que separa la tierra del cielo.

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Ascensión recta es el término astronómico para una de las dos coordenadas de un punto en la esfera celeste cuando se utiliza el sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriales. Es equivalente a la longitud terrestre.

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La declinación es una de las dos coordenadas del sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriales, siendo el otro la ascensión recta o el ángulo horario. La declinación es comparable a la latitud, proyectada a la esfera celeste, y se mide en grados al norte y al sur del ecuador celeste. Por lo tanto, los puntos al norte del ecuador celeste tienen declinación positiva, mientras que los del sur tienen declinación negativa.

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Un tránsito es el evento astronómico que se produce cuando un cuerpo celeste parece que se mueve a través de la cara de otro cuerpo celeste, como se ha visto por un observador en un cierto punto de vista particular.

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Conjunción significa que, como se ve desde algún lugar (por lo general en la Tierra), dos cuerpos celestes aparecen cerca uno del otro en el cielo.

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La Eclíptica es el camino aparente del sol trazada a lo largo del cielo en el transcurso del año. Más exactamente, es la intersección de la esfera celeste con el plano eclíptico, que es el plano geométrico que contiene la órbita media de la Tierra alrededor del sol.

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<!-- 5. Explicar la diferencia principal entre un telescopio de tipo refractor y reflector. Describir un telescopio de montura ecuatorial. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Telescope/es}}
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<!-- 6. ¿En qué colores se dispersa la luz solar cuando pasa a través de un prisma? ¿De qué manera los colores de las estrellas sirven para indicar su temperatura? -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Prism/es}}

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<!-- 7. ¿Qué relación hay entre la eclíptica, el equinoccio vernal y el equinoccio otoñal? ¿Qué fechas se asocian generalmente con los equinoccios? -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Equinox/es}}

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<!-- 8. Conocer las 12 constelaciones llamados los signos del zodíaco. Conocer la historia de los signos de zodíaco. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Zodiac/es}}

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<!-- 9. Identificar el nombre y punto en el cielo en que las constelaciones se pueden ver durante toda la noche, en una noche clara en su hemisferio. -->
Las constelaciones que se pueden ver durante toda la noche en cada hemisferio son las que están cerca de los polos celeste.
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Constellations_visible_all_night/es}}

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<!-- 11. ¿En qué época del año la constelación de Orión se ve mejor? Localizar e identificar en el cielo las tres estrellas más brillantes de ésta constelación. -->

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<!-- 13. Hacer una lista de las primeras 15 estrellas de mayor magnitud y observar los que aparecen en su área a lo largo del año. -->

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===First-magnitude stars in the Southern Hemisphere===
====Canopus====
'''Canopus''' is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Carina, and the second brightest star in the sky, with a visual magnitude of −0.62, second only to Sirius. Canopus is a yellowish-white supergiant star. It is located well into the southern hemisphere, at a declination of −52° 42' (2000) and a right ascension of 06h24.0m, and is visible on the southern horizon of even the southern US States as far north as Virginia or Kentucky. That far north, it can only be seen on a very clear night during the last two weeks of February directly south very low on the horizon just after sunset.
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====Alpha Centauri A and Hadar====
'''Alpha Centauri A''' is located in the Southern Hemisphere, and can only be seen in the United States from points south of Daytona Beach, Florida or San Antonio, Texas. Even then, it barely rises above the horizon directly to the South for a few days around July 8.

'''Hadar''' is also known as Beta Centauri, for it is the second brightest star in the constellation Centaurus. It is just to the West of Alpha Centauri A, so if you can see the one, you can probably see the other.
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====Achernar====
'''Achernar''' is located in the Southern Hemisphere, and therefore is never visible in most of North America. It can be seen from Dallas Texas and points south in mid to late November due South, and ''very'' low on the horizon.
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====Acrux====
[[image:Acrux_kstars.png|thumb|200px|right|Position of Acrux]] 
'''Acrux''' is the brightest star in constellation Crux (the Southern Cross) and the thirteenth brightest star in the nighttime sky, at visual magnitude 0.77. Acrux is represented in the flag of Australia as one of the 5 stars that comprise the Southern Cross. Since Acrux is at roughly −60° declination, it is generally only visible south of the Tropic of Cancer and therefore didn't receive an ancient traditional name; "Acrux" is simply a combination of the A in Alpha plus Crux (meaning "cross"). Acrux is the southernmost first magnitude star, just a bit more southerly than Alpha Centauri. Acrux ''can'' be seen as far north as Miami, Florida, but it only ''barely'' rises above the horizon. You might be able to see it due south around May 8 (any year) at about 9:00 pm. If you wait around until midnight, Alpha Centauri and Hadar will also be visible around that date as well (also directly to the south and just over the horizon). 
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<!-- 14. With the use of a diagram, show the relative positions of the earth and moon during high and low tides. -->
[[Image:Tide_diagram.png]]
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Since the Earth's crust is solid, it moves, along with everything inside it, as one whole, as defined by the average force on it. For the Earth's shape this average force is equal to the force on its center. The water at the surface is free to move following forces on its particles. One of the forces that affects tides is the gravity of the Moon. The force of gravity gets weaker as the distance between two bodies increases, and since the center of the Earth is farther away than the surface nearest the Moon, the Moon's gravity pulls on the surface water stronger than it pulls on the whole of the Earth. This causes the water level to rise and causes a high tide.

Meanwhile, on the side of the Earth opposite the Moon, the surface is ''farther'' from the moon than the Earth's center, so the Moon pulls more strongly on the Earth as a whole than it does on the water. This causes the water move away from the Moon, but since this is on the other side of the Earth, the water level ''still'' rises, causing a high tide.

Low tides occur at the points on the Earth where the Moon is just rising or just setting - that is, where the surface is at a 90° angle from the moon.

The Sun also has a tidal effect, but since it is much farther away, the difference between the pull of gravity at the surface of the Earth and the pull of gravity at the center is much smaller as compared to the Moon. When the tidal action caused by the Sun and Moon reinforce one another we have a spring tide (which is higher than normal). When they oppose one another, we have a neap tide (which is also a high tide, but lower than normal).

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<!-- 15. Describe the peculiar individual characteristics of the planets in our solar system. Which ones cannot be seen without the aid of a telescope? Which two planets are seen only near the hours of sunrise or sunset? -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stars/Planet characteristics}}

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<!-- 16. Where and in what way does the Bible refer to Orion, the Pleiades, and Arcturus? -->
;<nowiki>Job 9:9 (21st Century King James Version)</nowiki>: ''"Who maketh Arcturus, Orion and Pleiades, and the chambers of the south;"''

;<nowiki>Job 38:31,32 (21st Century King James Version)</nowiki>: ''"Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion? Canst thou bring forth Mazzaroth in his season? Or canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons?"''

;<nowiki>Amos 5:8 (NIV)</nowiki>: ''"He who made the Pleiades and Orion, who turns blackness into dawn and darkens day into night, who calls for the waters of the sea and pours them out over the face of the land— the LORD is his name."''

Most English versions of the Bible translate ''Arcturus'' as ''The Bear''.

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==References==

* Wikipedia articles: 
**[[W:List of brightest stars|List of brightest stars]]
**[[W:Astronomical spectroscopy|Astronomical spectroscopy]]

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