View source for AY Honors/Cetaceans/Answer Key

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{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Cetaceans
|skill=2
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Cetaceans_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Cetaceans|master=Zoology}}
==1. In what way is the Cetaceans family different from most other sea life?== <!--T:1-->
The Cetacean family is different from most other sea life because Cetaceans are mammals.
This means :
* '''A:''' They give birth to live babies.  The largest whale is the Blue Whale and its newborn baby will be up to 7 meters long and weigh up to 2700 kg/6,000 lbs, (about as much as two cars).
:The large whale mothers move to warm tropical waters to give birth and spend about six months there so their babies can grow a layer of fat (blubber) to help them survive the cold frigid waters where they live for the other six months. While in the warm waters the adult whales do not eat at all.

<!--T:2-->
*'''B:''' They feed their babies milk. The baby will drink 400 liters / 100 gallons of milk and gain 90 kg / 200 lbs a day for the first seven months of its life.                  

<!--T:3-->
*'''C:''' They have warm blood.  A blue whale’s heart is the size of a small car and its aorta (the main heart artery) is the diameter of a netball.

<!--T:4-->
*'''D:''' They breathe air just like us. This means that they must hold their breath while under the water. A Sperm Whale can hold its breath for 30 minutes. When they want to breathe they come to the surface, blow out moist air from their lungs and snatch a new breath. Their nostrils are called blowholes. Baleen whales have two blowholes and toothed whales one blowhole. The whale hunters could tell what sort of whale it was by the shape of the spout blown out.

<!--T:5-->
*'''E:''' They have some hair on their bodies.  You may not easily see the hair on a whale but most have small whiskers on the chin.

<!--T:6-->
In addition to the characteristics of mammals listed above, cetaceans differ from other sea life in other ways as well. One of these differences between a cetacean and a fish is the shape of the tail.  The tail of a fish is vertical and moves from side to side when the fish swims. The tail of a cetacean – called a "fluke" – is horizontal and moves up and down.

==2. Explain the difference between Baleen and Toothed Whales.== <!--T:7-->

<!--T:8-->
The order Cetacea contains about 90 species, all marine except for four species of freshwater dolphins. The order contains two suborders: Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales, which includes dolphins and porpoises). The species range in size from Commerson's dolphin, smaller than a human, to the blue whale, the largest animal ever known to have lived.

===Baleen Whales=== <!--T:9-->
The baleen whales, also called whalebone whales or great whales, are one of two suborders of the Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises). Baleen whales, rather than having teeth, have baleen plates which hang from the upper jaw and are used for filtering food from water. This distinguishes them from the toothed whales. Baleen is a type of hair but stiff like a soft fingernail. It grows from the roof of the mouth in two rows and is used to filter out food from water. 
[[Image:Baleen.jpg|thumb|250px|Baleen]]
The whale is able to take in a huge mouthful of water and then squeeze its mouth shut and squeeze out the water while straining out the food. Baleen whales feed on tiny creatures called krill and need lots of these to fuel their bodies. Most of the big whales are baleen whales, e.g. Blue whale, humpback whale and fin whale. Krill is one of their major foods, which they strain through their baleen.

<!--T:10-->
Baleen whales are generally larger than toothed whales, and females are larger than males. This group includes the Blue Whale, the largest animal species that has ever lived. Baleen whales have two blowholes, causing a V-shaped blow whereas toothed whales have a single blowhole.

===Toothed Whales=== <!--T:11-->
The toothed whales have teeth because they feed on creatures much larger than krill, such as squid, fish seals and even other whales.  These whales are the dolphins and porpoises, the killer whale and the giant sperm whale.

<!--T:12-->
Dolphins and porpoises mainly feed on fish and may hunt in groups called pods.

<!--T:13-->
Killer whales eat seals, fish, dolphins and even blue whales. They are called the Wolves of the Sea.

<!--T:14-->
The sperm whale is the largest toothed whale. It will eat fish and octopus but its favourite food is giant squid that live in the deep ocean. A sperm whale has been known to dive to 3200 meters looking for squid.


<!--T:15-->
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Characteristic'''||'''Odontoceti toothed whale'''||'''Mysticeti baleen whales'''
|-
|Feeding||Echolocation, fast||Filter feeder, not fast
|-
|Size|||Smaller (except Sperm whale and beaked whale)||Larger (except pygmy right whale)
|-
|Blowhole|Blowhole||One||Two
|-
|Dentition|||Teeth||Baleen plates
|-
|Melon||Ovoid, in anterior facial region||Vestigial or none
|-
|Skull and facial tissue||Dorsal (anatomy)|Dorsally asymmetric |||Symmetric
|-
|Sexual dimorphism||Some species have larger males||Females always larger
|-
|Mandible||Symphyseal (fused anteriorly)||Nonsymphyseal
|-
|Pan bone of lower jaw||Yes||No
|-
|Maxillae projection||Outward over expanded supraorbital processes||Under eye orbit, with bony protuberance anterior to eye orbit
|-
|Olfactory nerve and Olfactory bulb||Absent<ref>[http://www.dolphinaris.com/medical%20facts/dolphin%20senses.aspx Dolphin Senses]</ref>||Vestigial<ref>[http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/baleen/sensesbw.html Baleen Whales: Senses]</ref>
|-
|Periotic bone||External to skull, fused with Tympanic part of the temporal bone|tympanic bulla||Fused with skull<ref name=emm2>{{cite book
|last=Hooker |first=Sascha K.
|chapter = Toothed Whales. Overview
|editor1-last=Perrin |editor1-first=William F.
|editor2-last=Wursig |editor2-first=Bernd
|editor3-last=Thewissen |editor3-first=J. G. M.
|title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
|year=2009 |edition=2 |publisher=Academic Press |page=1174
|location=Burlington Ma. 01803 |ISBN=978-0-12-373553-9
|url=http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/716899/description#description}}</ref>
|}

==3. In what way have Whales and Dolphins been a benefit to man?== <!--T:16-->
In some cultures, whales provide meat for both pets and for humans.  Whales also provide oil for fuel, perfumes, and other products.  Entire communities were established devoted to whaling.  Although whaling is now illegal in most parts of the world, whales continue to provide benefits to man.  They are a major tourist attraction in areas where they are common, and an entire industry has sprung up to bring people to see the whales.

<!--T:17-->
There are many stories of dolphins protecting shipwrecked sailors against sharks by swimming circles around the swimmers.  Because of their high capacity for learning, dolphins have been employed by humans for any number of purposes. Dolphins trained to perform in front of an audience have become a favorite attraction at many aquariums, for example SeaWorld. Such places may sometimes also provide an opportunity for humans to interact very closely with Dolphins. Dolphin/Human interaction is also employed in a curative sense at places where dolphins work with autistic or otherwise disabled children. The military has employed dolphins for various purposes from finding mines to rescuing lost or trapped persons.

==4. Explain how it is that a Whale which breeds in the warm waters of the tropics can also survive the ice cold water of the Antarctica where they go to feed, (considering the whale is a warm blooded mammal like humans).== <!--T:18-->
Whales have a very thick layer of fat beneath their skin called ''blubber''.  Blubber is a very effective insulator, much like a wet suit which is used for keeping divers warm when they swim in cold waters.  Blubber is far more effective than a wet suit because it is so thick.  In fact, blubber can comprise up to 50% of the body mass of some cetaceans during some points in their lives.  Blubber also serves as a source of energy, and whales ''metabolize'' (burn) fat to generate heat internally and thus warm themselves.  People metabolize fat too when they shiver (shivering serves the same purpose - to warm us up).

==5. Memorize the following Scriptures concerning whales:== <!--T:19-->

<!--T:20-->
*'''a. Genesis 1:21'''
{{Bible verse
|book=Genesis
|chapter=1
|verse=21
|version=NIV
|text=<br>
So God created the great creatures of the sea and every living and moving thing with which the water teems, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good.
}}

<!--T:21-->
*'''b. Ezekiel 32:2'''
{{Bible verse
|book=Ezekiel
|chapter=32
|verse=2
|version=NIV
|text=<br>
:Son of man, take up a lament concerning Pharaoh king of Egypt and say to him:
::" 'You are like a lion among the nations;
::you are like a monster in the seas
::thrashing about in your streams,
::churning the water with your feet
::and muddying the streams.
}}

<!--T:22-->
*'''c. Job 7:12'''
{{Bible verse
|book=Job
|chapter=7
|verse=12
|version=NIV
|text=<br>
:Am I the sea, or the monster of the deep,
::that you put me under guard?
}}

<!--T:23-->
*'''d. Matthew 12:40'''
{{Bible verse
|book=Matthew
|chapter=12
|verse=40
|version=NIV
|text=<br>
:For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of a huge fish, so the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.
}}

==6. Write and read to a group, or tell from memory, the story of Jonah.== <!--T:24-->
Go beyond just the part about Jonah and the Whale everyone knows. There is a whole (short) Bible book on {{Bible link|Jonah}}.

<!--T:25-->
If you are teaching this honor to your unit, you can have them retell the story (and act it out) for worship at a campout or at a regular meeting.  You can also have your Pathfinders tell the story during regular church service if your church has a time allotted for "Children's Story".  Alternately, you can have them write it out and read it back to you (or to the group).

==7. Successfully draw a Baleen Whale and identify where the following body parts are:== <!--T:26-->
[[Image:Baleen parts.png]]

<!--T:27-->
;a. Baleen Plates: These are the "strainers" in a baleen whale's mouth.
;b. Blowhole: A cetacean breaths through this little hole in the top of its head.
;c. Dorsal Fin: The fin on the top of many cetaceans.
;d. Ear: These are hard to see because they're so small, but cetaceans all have them on the sides of their heads.
;e. Eye: The better to see you with!
;f. Throat Pleats: These are the folds in a baleen whale's throat and allow the whale's throat to expand when it fills its mouth with water to filter its food through its baleen.
;g. Flukes: The tail.
;h. Flippers: The fins on the side.
;i. Genital Slit: The reproductive organ of a female cetacean.
;j. Median Notch: The notch in the middle of the trailing edge of the fluke.
;k. Peduncle: The part of the body to which the fluke is attached.

==8. Be able to identify at least fifteen Cetaceans.== <!--T:28-->

<!--T:29-->
The order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. There are around '''90 living species''', divided into the suborders Mysticeti (the baleen whales covering about 17 species) and Odontoceti (the toothed whales, including porpoises and dolphins covering about 73 species). All Cetacea live in ocean water except for the river dolphins. We present at least one sample from each family of Cetacea here to help you learn to identify them. For more details including range maps and comparative sizes visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cetaceans or the wikipedia article linked from the scientific name.

==Baleen whales== <!--T:30-->
*Family Balaenidae: right whales
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Balaenoptera musculus}}
*Family Balaenopteridae: rorquals
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Megaptera novaeangliae}}
*Family Eschrichtiidae: gray whale - The only species in its family.
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Eschrichtius robustus}}
*Family Neobalaenidae: pygmy right whale - only one species in its family.
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Caperea marginata}}

==Toothed whales== <!--T:31-->

<!--T:32-->
Toothed whales include both true whales, porposes, and ocean and river dwelling dolphins. The Toothed Whales make up about 73 out of the 90 known living species of Cetaceans. As the name implies, these species have teeth to hunt prey with. 

====Family Monodontidae: Narwhal and Beluga==== <!--T:33-->
These two related species live in cold Arctic waters.

<!--T:34-->
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Delphinapterus_leucas}}
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Monodon monoceros}}

====Family Physeteridae: Sperm Whales==== <!--T:35-->
There are three species in the sperm whale family, including the largest toothed predator in the world and smallest whale in the world. A common characteristic of these species is the spermaceti, a semi-liquid waxy white substance filling the 'case' or spermaceti organ in the whale's head, which is thought to be involved in providing ballast for diving and maintaining buoyancy. This may be done by flushing cold water through the nose, hardening the spermaceti, to dive, and pumping warm blood to melt the spermaceti to surface. All three species dive to great depths to find food, although the sperm whale is believed to dive much deeper than either of its smaller cousins. Sperm whales eat squid, fish, and even sharks.
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Physeter macrocephalus}} 
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Kogia breviceps}}

====Family Ziphiidae: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaked_whales Beaked Whales]==== <!--T:36-->
There are 22 recognized species of Beaked Whales, toothed whales notable for their elongated beaks. Of air breathing animals, beaked whales are some of the most extreme divers. Cuvier's beaked whales regularly dive for an hour at a depth over 1,000 m (3,300 ft), and the longest and deepest foraging dive recorded is 137.5 minutes and 2,992 m (9,816 ft). 

<!--T:37-->
Beaked whales are one of the least known groups of mammals because of their deep-sea habitat, mysterious habits, and apparent low abundance. Only three to four of the 22 species are reasonably well-known. Baird’s and Cuvier's beaked whales were subject to commercial exploitation, off the coast of Japan, while the Northern bottlenose whale was extensively hunted in the northern part of the North Atlantic late in the 19th and early in the 20th centuries.

<!--T:38-->
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Berardius}}
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Hyperoodon}}
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Species Account/Ziphius cavirostris}}

====Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises==== <!--T:39-->
Porpoises are small cetaceans that are distinct from dolphins, although the word "porpoise" has been used to refer to any small dolphin, especially by sailors and fishermen. The most obvious visible difference between the two groups is porpoises have spatulate (flattened) teeth distinct from the conical teeth of dolphins. Porpoises rear more young more quickly than dolphins. They have small flippers, notched tail flukes, and no beaks. All carry at least 11 pairs of small teeth in their upper and lower jaws.

<!--T:40-->
Porpoises, divided into six species, live in all oceans, mostly near the shore.

<!--T:41-->
{{Species_id
| latin_name = Neophocaena phocaenoides
| common_name = Finless Porpoise
| image =Neophocaena_phocaenoides_-Miyajima_Aquarium_-Japan-8a.jpg
| range = The Finless Porpoise lives in the coastal waters of Asia, especially around India, China, Indonesia and Japan. A unique fresh water population is found in the Yangtze River. At the western end, their range includes the length of the western coast of India and continues up into the Persian Gulf. Throughout their range, the porpoises stay in shallow waters (up to 50m), close to the shore, in waters with soft or sandy seabeds. In exceptional cases they have been encountered as far as 100 miles off-shore in the East China and Yellow Seas, albeit still in shallow water.
| description = The Finless Porpoise almost completely lacks a dorsal fin. Instead there is a low ridge covered in thick denticulated skin. Adult Finless porpoises are a uniform light grey color. Infants are mostly black with grey around the dorsal ridge area, becoming grey after 4-6 months.
}}

<!--T:42-->
{{Species_id
| latin_name = Phocoena phocaena
| common_name = Harbour Porpoise
| image = Porpoise touching.jpg
| range = The Harbour Porpoise, as its name implies, stays close to coastal areas or river estuaries and as such is the most familiar porpoise to whale watchers. This porpoise often ventures up rivers and has been seen hundreds of miles from the sea.
| description = The Harbour Porpoise is a little smaller than the other porpoises. It is about 75 cm long at birth. Males grow up to 1.6 m and females to 1.7 m. The females are correspondingly heavier, with a maximum weight of around 76 kg compared with the males' 61 kg. The body is robust and the animal is at its maximum girth just in front of its triangular dorsal fin. The beak is poorly demarcated. The flippers, dorsal fin, tail fin and back are a dark grey. The sides are a slightly speckled lighter grey. The underside is much whiter, though there are usually grey stripes running along the throat from the underside of the mouth to the flippers.
}}

====Family Delphinidae: Oceanic Dolphins==== <!--T:43-->
Dolphins, including the river dolphins, comprise 45 species out of the 90 Cetacean species.  Six species in the family Delphinidae are commonly called "whales", but genetically are dolphins. They are sometimes called blackfish. These are the Melon-headed whale, (Peponocephala electra) Killer whale/Orca (Orcinus orca). Pygmy killer whale, (Feresa attenuata), False killer whale, (Pseudorca crassidens), Long-finned pilot whale, (Globicephala melas) and the Short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)
 
{{Species_id
| latin_name = Orcinus orca
| common_name = Orca, or killer whale
| image = Orca 2.jpg
| range = The orca is found in all the world's oceans, from the frigid Arctic and Antarctic regions to warm, tropical seas. 
| description = The Orca or Killer Whale is the largest species of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae). Orcas are versatile predators, with some populations feeding mostly on fish and others on other marine mammals, including large whales. Wild orcas are usually not considered a threat to humans.
}}

<!--T:44-->
{{Species_id
| latin_name = Tursiops truncatus
| common_name = Bottlenose dolphin
| image = Bottlenose Dolphin KSC04pd0178 head only.JPG
| range = The Bottlenose dolphin inhabits warm and temperate seas worldwide and may be found in all but the Arctic and the Antarctic Oceans.
| description = The Bottlenose Dolphin is the most common and well-known dolphin species.  They are gray, varying from dark gray at the top near the dorsal fin to very light gray and almost white at the underside. This makes them harder to see both from above and below when swimming. The elongated upper and lower jaws form what is called the rostrum and give the animals their name of Bottlenose. The real nose however is the blowhole on top of the head, and the nasal septum is visible when the blowhole is open. Their face shows a characteristic "smile".
}}

<!--T:45-->
{{Species_id
| latin_name = Delphinus delphis
| common_name = Common dolphin
| image = Common dolphin.jpg
| range = The common dolphin is widely distributed in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical waters throughout the world in a band roughly spanning 40 degrees south to 50 degrees north. The species typically prefer enclosed bodies of water such as the Red and Mediterranean Seas. Deep off-shore waters and to a lesser extent over continental shelves are preferred to shallow waters. Some populations may be present all year round, others appear to move in a migratory pattern. Preferred surface water temperature is 10-28 degrees Celsius.
| description = Common dolphins travel in groups of around 10-50 in number and frequently gather into schools numbering 100 to 2000 individuals. These schools are generally very active - groups often surface, jump and splash together. Typical behavior includes breaching, tail-slapping, chin-slapping, bow-riding and porpoising.
}}

====Superfamily Platanistoidea: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanistoidea River Dolphins] (fresh water dwelling)==== <!--T:46-->
River Dolphins are part of the toothed whale group but are uniquely adapted to living in fresh water. 
*Family Iniidae: river dolphins
{{:Adventist_Youth_Honors_Answer_Book/Species_Account/Inia_geoffrensis}}

<!--T:47-->
*Family Lipotidae: baiji
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answers Book/Species_Account/Lipotes vexillifer}}
*Family Platanistidae: South Asian river dolphin
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answers Book/Species_Account/Platanista gangetica}}

<!--T:48-->
*Family Pontoporiidae: La Plata river dolphin
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answers Book/Species_Account/Pontoporia blainvillei}}

==Notes== <!--T:49-->
This honor has significant overlap with [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Marine Mammals|Marine Mammals]].  Why not teach or earn them both at the same time?

==References== <!--T:50-->
Wikipedia articles
*[[w:Blubber|Blubber]]
*[[w:Cetacea|Cetacea]]
*[[w:Dolphin|Dolphin]]
Other references
*[https://acsonline.org/ Education, conservation, and research from the world's first cetacean protection organization.] 
*[http://marinebio.org/ Marinebio.org]

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