View source for AY Honors/First Aid, Basic/Answer Key/es

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{{honor_desc/es
|stage=100
|honorname=Primeros auxilios I
|skill=1
|year=1951
|category=Salud y ciencia
|authority=Asociación General
|insignia=First_Aid_Basic_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor Master/es|honor=Primeros auxilios I|master=Salud y Ciencia|group=B}}
{{IAConnection/es|[[Investiture_Achievement/Companion/Health_and_Fitness/es|COMPAÑERO Salud y aptitud física]]|el desarrollo completo de esta especialidad|}}

==(Se necesita instructor para las técnicas)==


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<noinclude>==Opción de Pasar el Curso==
Si reside en los Estados Unidos de América u otro país donde la Cruz Roja imparte la instrucción, pasar satisfactoriamente el examen básico de primeros auxilios de la Cruz Roja y recibir su certificado.

En los países británicos, aprobar el examen de «St. John Ambulance» y recibir el certificado.

O completar los siguientes requisitos:
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<!-- 1. Conocer las causas de choque y demostrar su tratamiento correcto. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Shock/es}}

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<!-- 2. Conocer las medidas adecuadas para la respiración artificial. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Rescue_breathing/es}}

'''Lo siguiente es en adición de la información anterior para fines de revisión. Esto enseña a los estudiantes cómo manejar situaciones en vivo en que se pueden encontrar.'''

En la próxima revisión de las especialidades de primeros auxilios el socorrista necesita saber qué hacer cuando se encuentra con un accidente de cualquier clase. Tendrá que conocer los procedimientos correctos en el orden correcto. Esto no se trata en ninguna de las especialidades de Primeros Auxilios, sea I, II o Avanzado. 

Es importante comprobar la respiración en una víctima que no responde. Si no hay ninguna respiración, llame o que alguien más llame al 911 y luego comience la RCP. La RCP es para mantener el flujo de sangre en el lugar del corazón que late para llevar el aire que se respira en la víctima al cerebro de la víctima.

Cada vez que un accidente o una emergencia ocurre y usted es la primera persona en llegar a la escena, hay una técnica importante que seguir primero: Revisar-Llamar-Cuidar (ver más abajo). Después, use PRVRC para cuidar a la víctima.

¡Ha habido un accidente! ¿Qué debo hacer primero?

'''Revisar-Llamar-Cuidar''' 

;Revisar: Para ver si hay peligro, primero debe inspeccionar la escena para asegurar ''su propia seguridad;'' entonces, revisar la víctima para ver si reacciona. 

;Llamar: Después de ver que la víctima no responde, llame al 911 o al número de emergencia local, dando una descripción de la situación de emergencia y la ubicación de la escena. 

;Cuidado: Después de llamar por ayuda, dé atención apropiada basada en la condición de la víctima hasta que el personal médico llegue y se haga cargo. 

'''PRVRC'''

;Peligro: 
Antes de tratar de ayudar a la víctima, debe determinar si la escena es segura. Si algo peligroso está presente, como un cable de alta tensión, un animal vicioso, vapores químicos o de gas, aguas profundas, o incendio, no se puede poner en peligro su propia vida para tratar de ayudar a la víctima. Llame a personal médico de inmediato y se encargarán de la situación. Si se lesiona en el lugar, termina como otra víctima más para que el personal de emergencia trate. Una vez que haya pedido por ayuda, ha hecho todo lo posible en una situación así. 

Si la escena es segura, trate de determinar lo que pudo haber sucedido o qué causó el accidente. Nunca mueva a la víctima para dar tratamiento a menos que exista peligro inmediato de muerte, como un incendio o una estructura inestable a punto de colapsarse. 

;Responder:
Después de determinar que la escena es segura, debe buscar una respuesta en la víctima. Va a mirar, escuchar y sentir para determinar si la víctima:
# Está consciente
# Tiene una vía aérea no obstruida y abierta
# Está respirando
# No está sangrando profusamente 

Para comprobar que está consciente, toque a la víctima y grite: «¿Estás bien?» Si la víctima puede hablar o gritar, está consciente, respira y tiene un pulso. Si la víctima no responde, puede estar inconsciente, lo que indica una condición potencialmente mortal. La lengua de una persona inconsciente se relaja y puede caer para atrás y bloquear las vías respiratorias, deteniendo la respiración y, finalmente, los latidos del corazón. 

Si la víctima está inconsciente, voltee a la víctima a su espalda, arrodíllese al lado de la cabeza de la víctima.

;Vía respiratoria:

To open the airway of an unconscious victim, tilt the head back and lift the chin, and quickly check for Breathing and Severe Bleeding.  

;Breathing:

To check for breathing, you must look, listen and feel. Place your face above the victim's mouth and nose, so that you can listen and feel for air being exhaled while watching the victim's chest for a gentle rise and fall that occurs when breathing for no longer than 10 seconds. If the victim is not breathing begin CPR. 

;Circulation:

Check the body for signs of any severe external bleeding (bleeding is severe when blood spurts from a wound, or pooling blood is seen flowing around a persons wound and it is life-threatening).

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<!-- 3. Know the proper procedures to assist a choking victim. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Choking}}

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<!-- 4. Know the proper procedures to assist a bleeding victim. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Bleeding}}

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<!-- 5. Know the pressure points and how to correctly apply pressure at these points. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Pressure_points}}

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<!-- 6. Know the proper procedure to assist a victim of poisoning. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Poison}}

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<!-- 7. Demonstrate the proper procedure in splinting various broken bones in the body. -->
'''Splints'''
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Splints}}

'''Forearm'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Forearm_splint}}

'''Upper Arm'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Upper_arm_splint}}

'''Kneecap'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Kneecap_splint}}

'''Ankle'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Ankle_splint}}

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<!-- 8. Know the proper procedure to assist a first, second, and third degree burn victim. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Burns}}

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<!-- 9. Know the proper procedure to assist a victim of a chemical burn. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Chemical_burn}}

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<!-- 10. Know what situations are likely to cause carbon monoxide poisoning and the rescue and treatment techniques for such poisoning. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Carbon_monoxide}}

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<!-- 11. Know the proper procedure for giving assistance to the victim of a head injury. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Head_injury}}

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<!-- 12. Know the proper procedure for giving aid to a victim of internal injuries. -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Internal injuries}}

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<!-- 13. Know the difference between a heart attack, stroke, epilepsy, and simple fainting, and the treatment for each. -->
===Heart Attack===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heart_attack}}
===Stroke===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Stroke}}
===Epilepsy===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Epilepsy}}
===Simple Fainting===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Fainting}}

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<!-- 14. Know how to prevent infection. -->
Although infection may occur in any wound, it is a particular danger in wounds that do not bleed freely; in wounds in which torn tissue or skin falls back into place and prevents the entrance of air; and in wounds that involve the crushing of tissues. Incisions, in which there is a free flow of blood and relatively little crushing of tissues, are the least likely to become infected.

There are two types of bacteria commonly causing infection in wounds—aerobic and anaerobic.  The former bacteria live and multiply in the presence of air or free oxygen, while the latter are bacteria that live and multiply only in the absence of air.  

The principal aerobic bacteria that cause infection, inflammation, and blood poisoning are streptococci and staphylococci, some  varieties of which destroy  red blood  cells.  The staphylococci and  streptococci may be introduced at the time of infliction, or they may be  introduced  to  the  wound later, at the time of first aid treatment or in the hospital if nonsterile instruments  or dressings are employed.

Wash minor wounds immediately with soap and clean water; then dry and paint them with a mild, nonirritating antiseptic. Apply a dressing if necessary. In the first aid environment, do not attempt to wash or clean a large wound, and do not apply an antiseptic to it since it must be cleaned thoroughly at a medical treatment facility. Simply protect it with a large compress or dressing and transport the victim to a medical treatment facility.  After an initial soap and  water cleanup, puncture wounds must also be directed to  a  medical  treatment  facility  for  evaluation.

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<!-- 15. What is the proper treatment for a snake bite? -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Snake_bite}}

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<!-- 16. What is the proper treatment for animal bites? -->
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<!-- 17. What is the proper treatment for insect and spider bites? -->
'''Insect Bites'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Insect_bites}}

'''Spider Bites'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Spider_bites}}

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<!-- 18. What is the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke, and what is the treatment for each? -->
===Heat stroke===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat stroke}}
===Heat Exhaustion===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat exhaustion}}

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<!-- 19. What should you do if your clothes catch fire? -->
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Clothes_on_fire}}

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<!-- 20. What are the basic fire prevention principles for the home? -->
* If your home lacks smoke detectors, install them (it's not that hard).  
* Replace the batteries and test your smoke detectors on a regular basis (when adjusting your clocks for daylight savings time, for example).
* Do not smoke or allow anyone else to smoke in your home.
* Never overload circuits or extension cords. Do not place cords and wires under rugs, over nails or in high traffic areas. Immediately shut off and unplug appliances that sputter, spark or emit an unusual smell. Have them professionally repaired or replaced.
* When using appliances follow the manufacturer's safety precautions. Overheating, unusual smells, shorts and sparks are all warning signs that appliances need to be shut off, then replaced or repaired. Unplug appliances when not in use. Use safety caps to cover all unused outlets, especially if there are small children in the home.
* Portable heaters need their space. Keep anything combustible at least three feet away.
* Keep fire in the fireplace. Use fire screens and have your chimney cleaned annually. The creosote buildup can ignite a chimney fire that could easily spread.
* Kerosene heaters should be used only where approved by authorities. Never use gasoline or camp-stove fuel. Refuel outside and only after the heater has cooled.
* Practice an escape plan from every room in the house. Caution everyone to stay low to the floor when escaping from fire and never to open doors that are hot. Select a location where everyone can meet after escaping the house. Get out then call for help.
* Keep your home clean and neat.

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<!-- 21. What are the basic water safety principles? -->
* Learn to swim.
* Swim in areas where a lifeguard is on duty
* Young children and weak swimmers should wear a personal floatation device (PFD) when they are around water.
* Set limits for inexperienced swimmers, such as not allowing them to enter water that is more than chest-deep.
* Inspect swimming areas for hazards such as underwater trees, holes, and swift currents.
* Swim parallel to the shore if caught in a rip tide.
* Get out of the water if there is a risk of a lightning strike.

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Non-swimming rescue}}

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<!-- 23. What are the basic electrical safety principles? -->
* Do not overload circuits or extension cords.
* Only use an extension cord that is rated to handle the current an appliance will use.  An appliance's amperage is listed on the outside of the appliance.
* Shut off the power before working on a circuit.
* Unplug an appliance before servicing it.
* Water and electricity do not mix.  Do not use an electric appliance when standing in a puddle of water or while in a bathtub or shower.
* Do not use a land-line telephone or touch any "wired" appliance during an electrical storm.
* Do not insert anything into an electrical socket other than an electrical plug which is in good condition or an outlet safety cover. 
* Replace broken or frayed electrical cords.

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<!-- 24. How can you prevent food poisoning? -->
Food poisoning is caused by eating food which is contaminated with any infectious or toxic agent such as bacteria or parasites.  The two main ways food becomes contaminated is by improper storage, or by coming into contact with contaminated food (cross-contamination).

===Food Storage===
The basic rule for storing food is to pay attention to the temperature.  Keep hot foods hot, and keep cold foods cold.  Most bacteria will not grow in food that is hotter than 140°F (60°C), and bacterial growth is greatly slowed at temperatures below 40°F (4°C).  It is unsafe to store foods susceptible to bacteria growth between these temperatures.  

Food poisoning is often caused by eating left-overs that were not promptly refrigerated.  As soon as the food temperature falls below 140°F (60°C), it should be refrigerated.  The longer food is left in the "danger zone", the more bacteria will multiply in it.  If it contains enough bacteria, it will overwhelm the body's immune system and sickness will result.

Be careful about refrigerating large quantities of hot food.  For instance, the potato salad in the center of a two-gallon container can remain warm for ''hours'' after refrigeration - providing ample time for bacteria to multiply.  Divide large quantities of food into smaller containers prior to refrigeration so that the food can cool throughout.

===Cross Contamination===
Cross contamination usually happens during food preparation.  Raw meat and raw eggs should always be treated as if they were contaminated.  Cooking them kills the bacteria and makes them safe to eat.  Do not allow other food to come into contact with raw meat or eggs, or that food will become contaminated.  Do not use the same utensils to handle raw meat and food that is ready to eat.  

Wash your hands before you eat or cook, and always wash your hands after handling raw meat or eggs - before handling any other food.  

Do not allow pets to walk on food preparation surfaces (i.e., don't let the cat walk on the counter top or dining table).  Animals pick up many types of bacteria on their feet, and this is easily transferred to food.  If you do catch your pet walking on the countertop, be sure to disinfect it before using it as a food preparation surface.

==References==
Wikipedia references:

*[[w:Abdominal thrusts|Abdominal Thrusts]]

Some material for this chapter was copied directly from the following public domain resources:
*[http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/10669-c/ U.S. Navy Training Manual, HOSPITAL CORPSMAN 3 & 2]
*[http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/14295/index.htm U.S. Navy Training Manual, Hospital Corpsman Revised Edition]
*[http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/safety/tips/ Department of Homeland Security, Fire Safety Tips]
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