View source for AY Honors/Pioneering/Answer Key/es

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{{honor_desc/es
|stage=00
|honorname=Pionerismo
|skill=2
|year=1956
|category=Actividades recreacionales
|authority=Asociación General
|insignia=Pioneering_Honor.png
}}

{{Honor_Master/es|honor=Pionerismo|master=Vida Primitiva}}

{{IAConnection/es|[[Investiture_Achievement/Guide/Outdoor Living/es|GUÍA DE NUEVAS FRONTERAS Vida al Aire Libre]]|el desarrollo completo de esta especialidad o de 4 otras especialidades, no obtenidas previamente|}}


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<!-- 1. Describir por escrito, oralmente o con imágenes, cómo los primeros pioneros estadounidenses alcanzaban las siguientes necesidades básicas de la vida: -->
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<!-- 2. Construir una pieza de mobiliario útil con amarres. Aprender los siguientes amarres: -->
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Square/es}}
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Diagonal/es}}
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Shear/es}}
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Continuous/es}}
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<!-- 3. Realizar una de las siguientes actividades: -->
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<noinclude>Véase la especialidad de [[AY Honors/Basketry/es|Cestería]] para más instrucción.

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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3b}} <!--T:40-->
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Make moccasins/es}}

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;Rolled Doll: This doll is simply made with a square of material of any size, folded in half and rolled up, a few stitches tack the roll of fabric closed, and a few more sew the top closed.  Smaller bits of material should be rolled up and tacked to the doll's side to create arms.  An original 1831 set of instructions and illustration can be seen in the [http://books.google.com/books?id=WO0XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA292&dq=Common+Linen+Doll&hl=en&ei=ZGehTOWfA4G6sQPx9KW0AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Common%20Linen%20Doll&f=false American Girl's Book].
[[File:GeeHawWhimmyDiddle.JPG|thumb|300px|Whimmy diddle]]
;Whimmy diddle: A gee-haw whimmy diddle is mechanical toy consisting of two wooden sticks. One has a series of notches cut transversely along its side and a smaller wooden stick or a propeller attached to the end with a nail or pin. This stick is held stationary in one hand with the notches up, and the other stick is rubbed rapidly back and forth across the notches. This causes the propeller to rotate.  Sometimes also known as a "Hooey Stick" or a "VooDoo Stick". The word "Whammy" is sometimes "Whimmy" and the word "Diddle" sometimes "Doodle", giving it a possible 3 other names, and the "Gee-Haw" may also be dropped.

:"Gee-Haw" refers to the fact that, by rubbing your finger against the notched stick while rubbing, the direction of the spinning propeller may be reversed. The operator may do this surreptitiously and yell "Gee" or "Haw" to make it appear that the propeller is reacting the commands. If you call it a "Hooey Stick", you would yell "hooey" each time you want the direction to change.
[[File:Reif Spielzeug.jpg|thumb|300px|Hoop and stick]]
;Hoop and stick:  A large wooden hoop is rolled along by means of a stick. Skilled players can keep the hoop upright for lengthy periods of time and can do various tricks.
;Whistle:  See the [[../../Arts and Crafts/Whistles|Whistles]] honor for instruction.
;Buzz Saw/Whirligig/Buzzer:  This is easily made from a large 2 or 4 hole button and a single strand of strong thread or very fine cord.  The thread is passed through two button holes (If it is a 4 hole button, use two diagonal holes rather than two holes side by side).  Tie a knot in the string.  
[[File:BuzzerAmericanBoy1907.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Buzz saw]]
:[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4Jhc-tme9U An example of a finished buzz saw]
:To play with the buzz saw, hold and end of the string firmly in each hand so the button falls in the middle, then whip the string around like a jump rope till it is wound tightly.  Pull the string so that the button spins, then quickly relax, pull the string again when the button is ready to spin the opposite way.  With a little practice you can get a rhythm going and keep the button spinning.  [http://store.kshs.org/store//image.php?productid=18075 A properly held buzz saw]
{{clear}}  [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ou9qr0jA1_M A video of a button buzz saw]

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<!-- 4. Know how to make flour from at least one wild plant for use in baking.  -->
Flour can be made from '''clover blossoms'''.  Gather about {{units|8 liters|two gallons}} of them and let them dry for two weeks.  You can also put them in a low temperature oven for an hour or two.  Once they are dry, grind them to powder with a mortar and pestle.  This will make about {{units|250 ml|one cup}} of flour.  Mix half-and-half with wheat flour.  It makes good pancakes.

You can also make flour with the roots or pollen of '''cattail''' and with '''acorns'''.  Though acorns may be found in abundance, it ''is'' a lot of work to process it into flour.  Other nuts (walnuts, hickories, hazelnuts, etc.), though often less abundant, are a little easier to process into flour as they do not require leaching to remove tannin.  See the answers to the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Edible Wild Plants|Edible Wild Plants]] honor for details.

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<!-- 5. Build a fire without matches. Use natural fire building materials. Keep the fire going for five minutes. You may use the following to start your fire:  -->
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Flint and steel}}
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Friction}}
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{| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=5 style="background:#ffff80"
|[[Image:Stop hand.svg|40px|left]]
'''Note:''' This technique, though listed as an option in the official requirements, was not available to the pioneers.  We therefore recommend that it not be used for teaching this honor.
|}
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Electric spark}}
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Curved glass}}
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Metal match}}
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{| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=5 style="background:#ffff80"
|[[Image:Stop hand.svg|40px|left]]
'''Note:''' As with the "Electric spark" technique, this method of fire-building was unknown to the pioneers.  Again, we recommend against using this option for meeting the requirement.
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Compressed air}}

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<!-- 6. Show axmanship knowledge in the following:  -->
[[Image:An axe labelled-2edit.svg|thumb|Parts of an axe]]
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The "best" type of axe depends on what you're trying to do with it.
*'''Felling axe''' — Cuts across the grain of wood, as in the felling of trees. In single or double bit (the bit is the cutting edge of the head) forms and many different weights, shapes, handle types and cutting geometries to match the characteristics of the material being cut.
*'''Splitting Axe''' — Used to split with the grain of the wood. Splitting axe bits are more wedge shaped. This shape causes the axe to rend the fibres of the wood apart, without having to cut through them, especially if the blow is delivered with a twisting action at impact.
*'''Broad axe''' — Used with the grain of the wood in precision splitting. Broad axe bits are chisel-shaped (one flat and one bevelled edge) facilitating more controlled work.
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It is best to sharpen an axe by hand rather than using an electric grinder.  A grinder will heat the blade and ruin the axe's temper.  This will cause the bit to soften making it impossible for the axe to hold a sharp edge during typical use.  If the axe is very dull or has visible notches in the blade, start sharpening with a file.  The file should be held at an angle and run over the length of the blade.  Sharpen both sides until the notches are gone.  If the axes just needs a touch-up, you can use a sharpening stone.  Wet the stone with water (or if you have an oilstone, with oil).  This will cause the filings to "float" away an prevent them from clogging the pores in the stone (making it smoother and thus, less effective at sharpening).

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Be sure you have firm footing before swinging an axe or a hatchet, and be sure no one is within six feet of you to the sides or to the rear, and within twelve feet of you towards your front. 

Be sure that the arc through which you swing the axe is clear, especially of overhead obstructions such as branches.  

Axe heads ''do'' occasionally come off at times (2 Kings 6:5), and they are very dangerous when they do. Check that the axe head is tight to the handle before using it, and if you find that it is loose, take steps to correct this.

When handing an axe to another person, offer them the handle.  Carry the axe so that if you were to trip, the blade would point away from you.  Put the axe in a sheath (if it has one) when it is not in use.

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Do not hammer an axe into a piece of wood.  An axe is for cutting, and should not be used as a wedge.  It should also not be used as a sledge hammer.  Practice aiming the axe until you get good at it.  When you can hit what you aim at, your use of the axe will be far more efficient.  Do not chop into the ground - this practice will quickly dull an axe.  Apply a bit of oil to the axehead to prevent rust.  

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Do not lay the log directly on the ground. Otherwise the axe blows will push the log into the ground. Instead, lay it on another small log (three inches in diameter is good). Strike the log to be cut at the point where it is in contact with the supporting log. Otherwise, the log may flip up and strike you or a bystander. This can cause a serious injury, so be watchful. 
Proceed by chopping a "vee" into the log, alternating cuts on the left and on the right.  The width of the vee should be equal to the diameter of the log.  Once the vee penetrates halfway through the log, turn it over and cut another on the opposite side until the two vees meet.
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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Splitting firewood}}

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knots/Making rope}}

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Bowline}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Bowline on a bight}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Clove hitch}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Double fishermans}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Figure 8}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Prusik}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Sheepshank}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Square}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Taut-line hitch}}

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Two half hitches}}

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You can make a make-shift block and tackle with nothing more than two sturdy ropes and a tree (or other stationary object).  First, take a short length of rope and tie one end around the object you wish to move.  Then tie a loop at the other end.

Tie one end of the longer rope around a tree using a bowline.  Then tie a slip knot in this rope near the tree.  Take the running end of the rope and thread it through the loop you made in the first rope.  Then thread it through the slip knot you tied near the tree.  

All that remains is to pull on the running end of the longer rope.  This setup provides a two-to-one mechanical advantage.  For every two meters you pull on the long rope, the object will move one meter closer to the tree.

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Latrine}}

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<!-- 8. Explain the need for proper sanitation relating to solid and human waste and the washing of body, clothes, and dishes.  -->
If human waste is not dealt with properly, it can cause disease.  It is a small matter for uncontrolled human waste to enter the water supply where it will cause harmful bacteria to multiply.  When this happens, anyone using the water internally (i.e., drinking, washing dishes, brushing teeth, etc.) will ingest the bacteria and get sick.  Dysentery is a medical condition caused by improper sanitation, and it involves uncontrolled, bloody diarrhea.  This causes the body to dehydrate leading to death.

Keeping your body clean is also very important. If you are filthy and you injure yourself, breaking the skin, the filth will readily enter your bloodstream where it can make you sick and cause a painful infection.  Infections can kill you if they left untreated.

Dirty clothing can lead to parasitic infestations, such as lice.

Dirty dishes breed bacteria which feast on any food left stuck to the dish.  It is then easily transferred to the body when the dish is used for cooking or for eating.

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<!-- 9. Assist in the construction of a ten-foot (3.0 meters) long log or rope bridge, using lashings.  -->
===Log Bridge===
The simplest way to make this bridge is with poles.  Cut two long poles at least {{units|15 cm|6 inches}} in diameter and long enough to span the item to be bridged.  Then cut several smaller poles at least {{units|5cm|2 inches}} in diameter and approximately {{units|60 cm| 2 feet}} long.  Place the long poles over the gap to be spanned such that the short poles can lay across them, overhanging by {{units|3-5cm|a few inches}} on both sides.  Then use continuous lashing to attach the short poles to the long ones.  A rope hand rail can be added for additional balance.

===Rope Bridge===

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<!-- 10. Know four ways to keep the wilderness beautiful.  -->
* Pick up litter.
* Stay on the trail.
* Use "Leave no Trace" camping techniques.
* Write letters to your elected government representatives about environmental issues.
* Prefer pollution-free recreation activities (biking and hiking over ATV's, canoes and kayaks over motor boats and jet skis, cross country skis over snow mobiles).
* Take only pictures, leave only footprints.  That means you don't pick wildflowers or destroy plants.  It's generally OK to harvest the fruiting body of a plant (i.e., berries).
* Use a camp stove instead of a campfire when camping.  This will eliminate the need to gather firewood and will not leave a fire ring.

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<!-- 11. Do two of the following:  -->
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See the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Candlemaking|Candlemaking]] honor for instruction.  Why not earn it while you're at it?

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Note that this is also a major requirement for the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Soap Craft - Advanced|Soap Craft - Advanced]] honor.

See also the [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Do-It-Yourself/Soap|Wikibook on making soap.]

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Milk a cow}}

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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=11d}} <!--T:81-->
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This can be done when sitting around the campfire.  Get a half pint of heavy cream (45% milk fat) and place it in a sealable container with a wide mouth, such as a Tupperware vessel or glass jar with a tight fitting lid.  Place a marble (or similar object) in the container with the cream and seal it up tight. (Optional)  Then pass it around the campfire having everyone shake it for a minute or two.  After ten to fifteen minutes, the container should have two things in it: butter, and buttermilk.  You can pour off the buttermilk (save it for biscuits or pancakes in the morning) and you are left with solid butter.  The butter solids can then be "washed" by kneading out the pockets of buttermilk with the back of a large spoon.  When most of the remaining buttermilk has been worked out, you may salt it to taste and spread it on fresh baked bread.  Delicious!

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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=11e}} <!--T:82-->
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[[Image:Quill pen.PNG|thumb|Quill pen]]
If you don't happen to have a flock of geese from which to pluck feathers, you can always buy them at a craft supply store.  Select a feather that is about {{units|30 cm|12 inches}} long.  The first step in making a quill pen is to temper the shaft.  This can be done by heating a tin can filled with sand in an oven at {{units|175°C|350°F}} for 15 minutes.  If camping, you can do this in a campfire as well.  Carefully remove the can from the heat and jam the end of the feather into the sand as far as it will go.  Let it sit there until the sand cools.  This will cause the transparent shaft of the feather to become opaque.  

Strip some of the "hair" off the feather so that it will not get in the way of the writer's hand. {{Units|5 to 7.5 cm|2 to 3 inches}} will do fine.  Hold the feather in your hand to see how it wants to orient itself.  Unlike a modern pen, one portion of the feather's shaft will be the "top".  Usually, the feather will curve over the hand as you hold it.  

{{TODO|Finish this section}} 

This page has a good description, but we'd need to put it in our own words.
http://www.flick.com/~liralen/quills/quills.html

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For this you will need an ear of corn, still in the husk, a bit twine, and some cloth.  Choose one with as much stem attached as you can, up to the intended height of the doll.

Peel the husk back, trying to tear as little of it apart as you can.  Fold the husk over the stem.  Once all the husk has been folded back, you can chop the corn cob off with a sharp knife.  Discard the silks.  Tie a piece of twine around the husk an inch or so below the point from which the cob was cut.  Tighten it up as much as you can.  This will form the neck line.  Tie another piece of twine about the middle to form a waist.  Then use the cloth to make a dress for the doll.  (A bonnet conceals the unfortunate fact that your doll is bald.)  Draw some eyes, a nose, and a mouth on the doll's face using a marker, or for a more authentic look, use a piece of charcoal.

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For instruction, see the [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Household Arts/Quilting|Quilting]] honor.

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<!-- 12. Know five home remedies from wild plants and explain their uses.  -->
{| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=5 style="background:#ffff80"
|[[Image:Stop hand.svg|40px|left]]
'''Warning:''' We recommend that extreme caution be exercised with regard to these remedies.  Some of them are harmless enough (jewelweed, balsam fir, coltsfoot, and garlic), while others are potentially fatal (boneset, feverfew). All medicines are poisonous if the dosage is exceeded, and the amount of the active ingredient found in wild plants is obviously not labeled.
|}
;Jewelweed: The juice from this plant was used as a treatment for poison ivy.  However, modern medicine has shown that jewelweed is no more effective than a placebo for treating poison ivy.
;Willow: The bark from the willow tree contains salicylic acid, an ingredient in aspirin.  Chewing on willow shoots, twigs, branches, or bark was used as a pain reliever.
;Balsam fir: The resin of the balsam fir is used to produce Canada balsam, and was traditionally used as a cold remedy.
;Coltsfoot: The leaves of the coltsfoot plant were used for making tea or hard candy.  Both were used as a cough medicine.  Again, modern medicine has shown that this treatment is not efficacious.
;Boneset: Boneset, although poisonous to humans and grazing livestock, has been used in folk medicine, for instance to excrete excess uric acid which causes gout. It has many more presumed beneficial uses, including treatment of dengue fever, arthritis, certain infectious diseases, migraine, intestinal worms, malaria, and diarrhea. Boneset infusions are also considered an excellent remedy for influenza. Scientific research of these applications is rudimentary at present, however.  Caution is advised when using boneset, since it contains toxic compounds that can cause liver damage. Side effects include muscular tremors, weakness, and constipation; overdoses may be deadly.
;Feverfew: Feverfew has been used for reducing fever, for treating headaches, arthritis and digestive problems.
;Garlic: Garlic has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years, dating at least as far back as the time that the Egyptian pyramids were built. Garlic is claimed to help prevent heart disease including atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and cancer.

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The greatest problem you will need to overcome when building a raft from logs is that logs are very close to having neutral buoyancy, meaning that they do float, but only barely.  To deal with this, you will need a great many number of logs.

Gather about 20 logs that are about 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) in diameter, and 16-20 feet (5-6 meters) long.  Dry logs are better because they are lighter, and thus have greater buoyancy.  You will build the raft upside-down, and then flip it over into the water.  It will be very heavy (weighing literally as much as 20 or so logs), so you will want to build it right at the edge of the river.  

Lay two of these logs parallel to one another and spaced such that the rest of the logs can lay on top of them perpendicularly.  These are the "base" logs.  Then lay all but two of the remaining logs on the base logs (and perpendicular to them) in a pile only three feet (3 meters) wide near one end of the base logs.  Lash them together as a bundle onto the base logs.  Lash the one of the remaining logs to the other end of the base logs, and lash the last one diagonally to prevent racking.

This video should make all the steps fairly clear:

{{#widget:YouTube|id=yDSr_P50EZs}}

The important point is that the raft gets its flotation from a '''bundle''' of logs rather than from a single layer.  A single-layer raft will float until someone gets on it.  It will still float even with someone on it, but its top surface will be below the water line, making it very difficult to maneuver.

We recommend that the raft be accompanied by other watercraft, such as canoes or john boats.  You should also carefully scout the river before committing the raft to it, ensuring there are no rapids.

Because this trip is not an over-nighter, you will be able to use the canoes to carry people instead of gear.  Plan on enough canoe capacity to carry ''everyone'' in the party just in case the raft is not able to complete the journey (it happens).  Assume that each canoe can carry three or four people.

Make sure everyone wears something they can get wet (such as a swimsuit), as well as sandals, river shoes, or old tennis shoes.  Personal Floatation Devices (PFDs, also known as life-jackets) are an ''absolute must'', and should be worn at all times while on the water.  '''Under no circumstances should you allow anyone to board the watercraft (''especially the raft'') without a PFD.'''

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Horseback Trip}}

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Canoe trip}}

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{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Backpack trip}}

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==References==
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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